Economically Active Population Survey
Active population
Activity rates by nationality, sex and educational level reached
Unidades: Tasas
Total Spanish Dual nationality Foreign national: Total Foreign: European Union Foreign: Rest of Europe Foreign: South America Foreign: Rest of the world and stateless person
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Both sexes
Total 58,99 59,41 58,97 58,55 58,52 58,86 58,71 58,5 58,65 59,14 58,58 57,69 56,6 57,02 56,78 56,36 56,36 56,77 56,56 56,32 56,64 57,01 56,41 55,74 76,67 78,36 76,93 74,95 76,06 75,97 75,46 76,34 75,44 77,28 75,38 72,97 69,51 69,83 68,82 69,27 69,05 69,06 69,92 69,76 69,3 70,21 70,42 68,18 71,03 71,83 71,3 72,19 71,78 70,88 69,44 70,79 68,15 69,54 71,33 70,89 51,98 49,27 46,16 50,68 50,65 50,22 52,34 49,13 49,02 52,87 51,36 48,71 75,86 76,96 76,13 76,2 76,88 77,61 77,17 76,48 76,84 77,76 77,12 73,19 66,15 65,37 65,05 64,23 62,48 63,24 67,74 67,14 68,47 67,57 67,56 66,28
Illiterates 12,46 12,31 13,83 14,71 15,58 15,47 16,79 17,6 15,75 15,76 12,84 11,18 3,1 3,68 4,1 4,49 3,55 3,89 4,75 5,22 4 3,96 3,21 3,24 17,62 8,87 3,8 6,08 8,07 27,55 38,01 37,68 48,46 23,89 15,78 33,49 38,7 37,67 40,1 41,71 45,96 44,47 50,95 53,56 51,52 54,48 50,21 50,99 27,6 37,72 4,74 29,78 21,77 9,31 31,12 46,27 44,49 48,55 31,5 31,12 100 .. .. .. 0 .. .. .. .. .. 0 .. 11,57 7,18 16,06 10,3 23,09 13,85 55,96 35,71 34,49 21,32 22,07 41,49 41,36 40,64 44,05 44,05 48,81 47,7 51,34 55,03 53,82 57,83 54,09 52,2
Incomplete primary education 12,64 14,38 15,32 13,42 12,67 11,94 13,08 13,17 11,72 11,73 11,61 12,59 5,29 6,28 6,13 6 5,21 5,28 5,29 5,9 5,21 6,17 6,39 7,27 40,67 60,58 50,87 53,98 51,71 41,57 64,3 69,36 68,54 56,3 49,18 55,54 56,89 57,18 60,62 57,04 62,37 59,28 67,27 64,05 63,63 64,27 61,79 61,73 23,51 21,55 39,38 43,09 54,32 44,52 46,43 50,88 25,04 36,59 50,12 46,4 15,72 11,27 7,5 6,78 14,47 24,7 0 12,43 16,59 0 50,24 17,26 62,39 59,08 68,92 50,39 59,23 61,84 69,07 56,49 56,85 81,24 53,04 62,4 61,94 63,92 62,17 61,26 66,2 62,22 70,95 69,87 73,46 66,26 64,76 68,63
Primary education 22,12 22,46 22,88 23,64 22,05 22,24 21,9 21,48 22,19 23,08 22,85 22,01 14,45 14,64 15,2 16,15 15,89 15,8 15,16 14,93 15,49 15,64 15,41 15,81 65,55 69,89 69,81 68,67 67,49 69,6 67,85 65,05 66,48 65,69 65,78 57,18 62,61 61,9 64,52 66,25 57,55 63,02 65,42 66,19 65,4 66,12 69,18 63,3 54,45 50,72 53,33 52,7 53,31 56,06 58,01 63,91 50,93 48,14 60,11 58,88 25,33 17,63 20,45 14,98 30,55 37,61 56,55 30,42 37,75 2,21 23,61 12,81 62,27 62,8 63,89 71,34 62,38 70,06 67,6 67,12 68,7 74,76 73,54 63,25 66,87 67,09 69,75 69,72 57,26 62,37 66,49 67,84 68,83 67,33 71,25 67,35
First stage of secondary education and the like 55,12 55,45 54,58 53,93 54,32 54,94 54,81 54,51 55,03 55,77 54,67 53,6 51,97 52,53 51,87 51,47 51,88 52,63 52,46 52,14 52,95 53,95 53,06 52,28 73,33 74,12 70,77 68,94 72,14 70,8 71,8 73,9 73,24 73,07 66,1 65,04 69,32 68,79 67,81 67,07 66,76 67,6 68,29 68,31 67,78 67,1 66,2 62,35 69,5 69,69 68,71 71,31 68,39 67,37 64,3 66,9 67,16 65,46 65,41 63,92 49,5 37,04 30,46 39,11 38,39 40,03 39 42,05 46,98 40,47 34,31 27,94 73,45 77,31 76,23 71,83 75,13 77,56 75,1 75,46 74,78 75,22 73,33 69,39 69,94 65,78 66,62 65,57 64,43 65,11 72,06 69,97 67,69 68,8 69,59 65,2
Second stage of secondary education, with general guidance 54,75 57,06 56,28 56,15 56,61 57,07 57,4 56,84 56,63 58,04 57,49 56,06 49,06 51,26 51,02 50,75 50,77 51,73 52,71 51,92 51,79 52,62 52,05 50,56 75,64 78,32 77,61 75,12 77,07 78,36 74,24 76,57 72,31 78,71 75,74 75,59 70,4 73,24 70,47 70,8 72,51 69,95 70,55 69,51 70,47 72,76 72,41 70,95 70,62 74,85 74,5 71,96 73,77 71,74 70,62 69,94 66,71 69,56 73,34 72,02 44,96 48,61 42,87 50,56 44,98 36,61 40,82 36,15 34,33 52,4 52,28 51,27 78,16 79,4 76,13 78,15 79,11 78,54 78,82 77,38 81,2 79,75 78,39 76,41 63,01 65,96 62,53 58,79 64,06 63,32 64,05 63,09 67,86 69,85 64,23 64,87
Second stage of secondary education with career guidance (includes non-higher post-secondary education) 73,56 74,18 73,94 74,08 73,54 73,56 74,16 73,3 73,58 74,41 74,22 73,6 73,19 73,6 73,87 73,46 72,94 73,31 73,82 72,84 73,37 73,94 73,75 73,28 78,31 84,18 82,45 83,34 84,39 82,02 81,29 79,56 77,23 79,59 84,24 74,98 74,99 75,86 71,68 76,43 75,64 73 75,34 75,91 74,45 77,38 75,65 76,07 73,25 74,34 71,78 77,84 73,83 71,33 71,86 72,55 72,69 81,34 73,19 76,09 66,47 57,74 49,81 54,83 64,38 52,24 63,89 66,64 67,93 66,27 68,1 76,47 80,29 82,69 78,4 86,27 82,75 82,63 84,84 82,62 76,27 75,5 79,86 73,69 73,03 75,87 76,84 75,6 75,46 73,93 76,82 79,73 80,7 78,99 77,07 83
Higher education 78,98 78,78 79,2 78,72 78,7 78,43 78,45 78,71 78,74 78,55 78,81 78,14 79,12 78,89 79,42 78,94 78,85 78,62 78,77 79,06 79,19 78,94 79,09 78,63 85,09 84,71 85,39 82,53 81,29 80,2 80,86 80,68 81,68 82,6 84,36 81,1 75,47 75,56 74,91 75,4 76,24 75,9 74,43 74,45 73,07 73,45 74,53 72,85 77,46 76,89 77,13 76,9 77,61 76,85 74,95 76,47 73,09 74,13 75,21 75,6 57,92 60,86 59,25 60,33 62,2 65,39 64,15 59,85 58,15 60,25 60,14 58,91 81,46 80,98 82,13 81,66 82,83 80,91 80,41 80,52 79,03 80,88 83,1 78,29 77,41 75,54 70,32 73,57 70,91 72,36 69,89 68,83 73,78 67,55 69,69 69,98
Males
Total 63,69 64,41 63,93 63,18 63,53 64,19 63,73 63,53 63,65 64,31 63,59 62,74 61,17 61,97 61,66 61,02 61,23 62,12 61,38 61,21 61,49 62,09 61,49 60,79 79,82 82,05 78,64 77,22 79,57 79,63 78,79 80,85 78,48 81,65 78,13 76,46 76,71 77,01 76,37 75,28 76,21 75,68 77,51 76,92 76,61 77,26 76,59 74,71 76,59 76,29 76,69 75,89 76,66 75,06 74,81 76,64 73,96 74,97 76,12 77,03 54,66 53,28 46,47 50,22 51,53 51,6 54,39 51,25 53,57 56,39 55,8 51,04 80,04 81,43 80,03 78,53 80,57 80,79 82,72 78,91 81,32 81,5 79,86 76,29 80,46 80,13 81,72 79,79 78,51 78,55 81,42 82,72 81,32 81,33 80,06 79,15
Illiterates 21,28 21,84 23 25,35 27,86 28,03 27,97 31,02 27,92 26,31 20,5 15,04 4,95 6,14 7,39 9,84 8,53 6,83 9,38 11,25 7,69 6,91 5,36 4,36 8,32 26,25 .. .. 0 41,28 51,02 43,27 65,44 31,84 44,63 43,51 56,32 54,67 53,37 57,45 58,72 64,87 66,72 70,63 72,71 74,11 68,61 64,75 43,98 61,39 9,8 27 35,24 15,24 48,44 46,16 87 84,8 0 0 100 .. .. .. 0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 16,28 11,95 18,24 20,5 33,68 22,32 54,12 15,22 18,43 17,64 8,32 0 62,18 60,21 61,09 60,98 63,17 70,86 68,89 75,51 80,67 83,57 81,29 68,79
Incomplete primary education 18,58 20,8 22,81 20,14 19,37 18,24 20,89 20,05 18,29 18,18 17,75 19,81 7,34 8,63 8,52 8,98 7,5 8,21 7,85 8,56 8,09 9,68 9,54 11,17 45,2 63,99 51,16 62,15 65,28 46,82 66,6 87,24 80,11 57,04 54,75 61,88 74,52 71,9 77,57 74,01 80,23 70,86 82,2 78 80,29 80,45 76,38 74,29 21,18 35,8 71,65 63,8 91,07 76,29 100 87,4 62,25 84,06 89,31 83,35 39,38 .. 18,03 .. 24,98 26,34 0 24,45 9,52 .. .. 5,85 64,39 63,13 77,31 49,71 38,99 49,34 74,49 40,23 67,74 72,67 57,5 71,46 82,95 82,18 79,28 79,86 84,48 76,17 83,84 83,92 85,76 80,91 77,56 77,32
Primary education 30,62 30,64 31,23 31,65 31,11 30,69 30,7 30,49 31,32 32,63 31,63 30,09 21,15 21,85 22,57 23,25 24,18 23,65 22,76 22,37 22,93 22,61 22,31 22,64 78 72,94 74,69 83,52 76,32 69,86 78,06 74,11 69,93 71,13 69,16 69,39 75,68 73,07 76,66 75,8 69,51 74,41 78,86 80,28 80,39 81,77 81,57 76,24 71,26 64,5 66,33 60,56 60,99 68,25 77,37 79,45 68,55 68,31 79,25 74,88 34,65 23,36 22,58 5,59 42,78 46,79 92,48 44,57 43,63 5,19 43,76 32,08 66,08 63,65 65,25 71,21 66,23 75,61 72,61 67,5 76,53 79,43 79,39 67,72 81,07 81,35 85,18 84,23 73,88 76,82 80,74 87,29 85,79 86,82 84,62 82,69
First stage of secondary education and the like 62,53 62,9 62,25 61,31 61,82 63,31 62,51 62,13 62,96 63,88 62,51 61,5 59,82 60,41 59,86 59,26 59,71 61,5 60,31 60,25 61,61 62,74 61,74 60,67 76,87 78,24 72,27 70,16 74,64 76,04 77,84 78,69 76,34 73,4 65,24 67,49 76,55 76,15 75,98 74 73,97 73,93 76,28 74,08 71,84 72,16 69,4 67,77 75,15 74,82 74,53 73,3 71,68 69,58 68,4 70,86 68,75 71,62 69,25 70,27 52,58 41,97 35,97 44,88 41,73 41,07 40,88 41,25 47,36 39,32 33,9 31 77,38 81,79 80,38 76,62 79,7 82,14 83,4 78,84 77,69 76,91 73,82 69,58 84,06 79,64 83,36 80,07 79,21 78,02 83,27 81,37 75,7 77,33 74,18 75,97
Second stage of secondary education, with general guidance 58,37 61,06 60,16 59,54 60,65 61,19 61,66 60,77 60,23 61,72 60,84 59,68 52,83 55,66 55,47 54,67 54,81 56,4 56,94 56,05 55,33 56,49 55,35 53,92 76,78 80,51 76,1 75,4 81,28 81,72 75,61 79,69 75,45 84,15 80,57 77,89 77,68 79,71 77,22 75,92 79,38 75,36 78,97 76,74 77,52 78,99 79,81 79,98 76,79 80,94 82,62 78,95 80,44 74,95 76,5 76,37 73,3 73,38 79,8 80,3 49,41 52,81 41,8 54,92 41,95 37,72 49,54 35,35 37,13 57,41 49,17 56,97 85,02 84,31 78,66 77,46 82,27 80,21 85,81 80,91 86,61 86,23 85,5 83,33 73,62 77,61 80,11 77,75 87,1 83,27 81,51 82,82 79,61 81,06 81,67 82,76
Second stage of secondary education with career guidance (includes non-higher post-secondary education) 77,42 79,06 79,01 78,85 78,69 78,86 79,01 78,49 78,09 79,74 78,91 78,26 77,12 78,79 79,11 78,61 78,39 78,62 78,69 77,79 77,62 79,28 78,89 78,17 81,78 85,02 88,78 86,1 86,08 86,75 85,41 87,08 80,91 84,56 85,86 74,38 78,62 79,66 75,74 79,06 79,36 78,77 80,48 83,83 82,24 83,27 77,21 80,2 80,12 74,69 73,64 82,68 78,22 78,5 80,02 81,43 80,72 87,2 78,03 82,66 65,98 58,31 41,87 49,29 67,82 47,73 56,11 81,18 76,46 70,38 76,89 89,22 81,97 91,42 91,29 90,3 85,67 88,62 93,88 88,07 84,2 80,03 74,75 68,61 77,51 85,34 86,19 80,75 83,49 88,53 89,4 87,58 88,9 82,27 79,49 85,5
Higher education 79 79,18 79,2 78,45 78,61 78,66 78,23 78,42 78,5 78,42 78,82 78,08 78,76 78,71 79 78,38 78,29 78,36 78,25 78,3 78,39 78,22 78,45 78,04 87,46 90,14 89,19 85,34 84,09 82,79 82,44 84,21 84,03 89,54 90,02 87,1 78,54 80,49 78,54 77,26 80,6 80,66 76,57 77,75 77,8 76,91 79,22 75,91 79,78 79,09 78,83 76,86 80,66 81,2 77,59 79,64 76,95 74,84 76,79 77,66 58,59 65,92 58,99 56,81 61,78 68,22 62,42 60,73 63,4 65,51 68,15 56,53 85,33 86,8 86,71 86,44 87,79 84,38 80,88 82,65 83,79 85,93 87,09 83,07 85,48 89,11 86,3 85,46 84,12 86,85 79,82 80,48 82,68 76,78 84,5 81,08
Females
Total 54,55 54,7 54,29 54,18 53,79 53,84 53,97 53,75 53,93 54,25 53,83 52,91 52,18 52,24 52,07 51,87 51,71 51,65 51,96 51,65 52 52,14 51,53 50,88 74,31 75,69 75,71 73,29 73,34 73,23 72,83 72,93 73,09 73,86 73,15 70,38 63,25 63,67 62,15 63,9 62,5 63,14 62,9 63,19 62,58 63,93 65,05 62,43 65,96 67,8 66,44 68,73 67,09 66,94 64,52 65,29 62,87 64,5 67,07 65,17 49,96 46,17 45,91 51,08 49,93 49,15 50,6 47,34 45,22 50,06 47,99 46,82 72,73 73,76 73,16 74,4 73,87 75,17 72,82 74,6 73,36 75,02 75,23 71,02 50,61 49,32 46,99 48,23 45,54 46,64 51,86 49,51 53,33 51,88 52,32 51,24
Illiterates 7,2 7,24 9,12 9,02 8,55 7,99 10,25 9,4 7,94 9,36 8,28 9,02 2,15 2,54 2,62 1,92 1,31 2,43 2,4 2,15 1,95 2,39 2,01 2,62 24,95 3,28 4,52 8,01 12,7 17,04 23,49 30,63 2,34 0 0 0 23,75 24,3 30,2 30,43 33,19 25,73 37,75 36,8 31,63 37,51 36,19 42,66 12,19 21,43 .. 31,02 0 0 0 46,38 10,42 14,02 38,63 39,41 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 0 .. .. .. 11,67 .. 0 0 57,89 58,73 69,97 39,6 61,35 63,25 25,36 26,1 32,5 31,97 35,61 27,57 37,31 35,08 30,56 38,52 34,99 41,8
Incomplete primary education 8,58 9,91 9,95 8,76 8,02 7,47 7,44 8,04 7,11 7,12 7,35 7,62 3,96 4,76 4,55 4,03 3,71 3,36 3,62 4,07 3,3 3,78 4,32 4,78 37,78 58,01 50,71 48,13 27,56 37,85 62,06 53,13 55,4 55,77 41,09 46,98 40,04 41,78 41,86 40,74 44,11 45,31 44,83 45,4 45,14 45,39 45,03 44,69 25,42 6,12 14,69 26,35 28,24 29,32 38,53 35,61 10,29 14,94 24,35 24,83 .. 19,56 .. 21,08 7,73 21,57 0 0 19,46 0 50,24 21,92 61,15 55,8 63,97 50,72 66,76 68,14 64,66 69,19 52,11 86,95 51,11 56,63 38,85 42,77 38,15 40,45 41,39 38,68 44,17 45,92 54,58 44,79 45,62 50,64
Primary education 15,35 15,97 16,05 17,16 14,92 15,68 14,88 14,44 14,87 15,3 15,75 15,61 9,3 9,07 9,29 10,53 9,46 9,79 9,21 9,28 9,72 10,26 10,09 10,48 56,5 67,99 66,95 60,88 62,03 69,46 62,26 59,7 63,91 61,61 63,57 49,49 49,61 51,12 52,47 56,55 46,41 52,28 52,34 51,64 49,87 47,37 54,7 51,12 44,01 40,35 43,17 47,11 47,45 46,09 42,38 47,72 33,94 27,94 48,4 46,48 15,91 12,71 18,44 23,9 19,75 30,89 2,72 13,24 32,16 0 0 0 59,89 62,22 62,97 71,46 59,46 65,98 64,51 66,85 63,65 70,51 68,66 60,06 47,6 49,61 50,23 52,27 39,11 45,51 48,6 43,12 46,28 38,53 46,9 48,22
First stage of secondary education and the like 46,69 47,1 46,09 45,6 45,87 45,56 46,21 46,05 46,17 46,77 45,82 44,54 42,78 43,37 42,8 42,51 42,9 42,54 43,54 42,91 43,05 43,96 43,11 42,5 70,14 70,56 69,42 67,7 70,02 66,39 66,6 69,84 70,41 72,78 66,99 62,72 62,05 61,7 59,52 60 59,03 60,8 59,91 62,62 63,81 62,2 63,05 56,66 63,64 64,56 62,83 69,22 64,94 64,9 59,78 62,92 65,78 59,48 61,32 57,25 46,7 32,84 25,24 33,34 35,23 39,12 37,54 42,7 46,66 41,37 34,59 25,02 69,88 73,46 72,11 67,74 70,79 73,23 67,9 72,56 72,11 73,75 72,9 69,23 53,31 50,12 48,65 47,56 44,75 48,58 57,07 56,09 57,53 58,85 64,08 50,04
Second stage of secondary education, with general guidance 51,29 53,15 52,53 52,78 52,53 52,91 53,06 53,04 53,06 54,37 54,27 52,65 45,17 46,61 46,37 46,58 46,45 46,64 48,11 47,55 48,01 48,44 48,58 47,15 74,83 76,72 78,78 74,91 73,49 75,75 73,11 74,2 70,02 74,64 71,96 74,03 64,64 68,03 65,32 66,52 66,67 65,5 63,59 64,19 64,68 67,79 67,05 64,01 65,91 69,54 67,61 65,74 67,73 68,82 65,81 65,09 61,6 66,34 68,68 65,86 42,02 45,92 43,47 47,04 47,1 35,84 32,56 36,68 32,38 48,73 55,11 46,91 72,46 75,57 74,31 78,74 76,37 77,21 72,96 74,82 76,92 75,03 74,01 71,34 54,29 55,85 47,09 45,14 46,39 46,93 50,63 48,13 55,41 59,62 47,29 48,17
Second stage of secondary education with career guidance (includes non-higher post-secondary education) 69,64 69,19 68,82 69,31 68,35 68,24 69,31 68,09 69,22 69,1 69,62 69 69,2 68,29 68,56 68,23 67,42 67,9 68,9 67,81 69,18 68,5 68,66 68,46 76,02 83,58 78,35 81,63 83,08 78,3 77,82 74,97 75,07 75,82 83,01 75,51 70,73 71,41 67,14 73,65 71,69 67,63 70,48 67,92 67,02 72,26 74,14 71,79 62,97 73,79 69,21 71,49 67,92 61,9 62,46 61,45 62,77 72,61 66,97 67,65 66,98 57,03 59,15 60,21 59,98 56,18 75,42 52,05 57,29 63,12 58,41 57,99 79 76,53 70,14 83,65 80,91 79,51 80,26 79,16 71,74 73,68 82,8 76,67 63,49 57,82 59,08 66,43 63,91 56,95 61,1 69,71 72,31 75,23 73,1 78,04
Higher education 78,96 78,42 79,19 78,96 78,77 78,22 78,65 78,97 78,95 78,67 78,8 78,2 79,45 79,05 79,8 79,43 79,35 78,85 79,22 79,74 79,9 79,58 79,66 79,17 83,42 81,14 83,14 80,8 79,39 78,39 79,69 78,03 79,87 77,41 80,25 77,18 73,41 72,3 72,29 74,05 73,01 72,47 72,72 71,48 68,95 70,78 70,91 70,52 75,49 75,25 75,83 76,93 74,95 73,4 72,71 73,31 69,24 73,52 73,76 73,58 57,48 57,18 59,45 63,22 62,5 63,27 65,47 59,05 53,47 55,8 54,43 60,63 79,37 78,09 79,27 78,69 79,32 78,62 80,06 78,85 75,6 77,7 80,75 75,59 71,74 62,4 56,95 65,61 63,45 63,02 61,73 57,66 65,48 58,94 55,16 61,46
Notas:
Only the population of Foreign nationality living on family dwellings is considered, as it occurs with the population of Spanish nationality
The persons with dual nationality are those that, besides the Spanish nationality, have other nationality (Foreign).
Illiterates: Matches code 01 of the classification of programs and certifications in levels of education attained of the CNED 2014.
Incomplete primary education: Matches code 02 of the classification of programs and certifications in levels of education attained of the CNED 2014.
Primary education: Matches code 10 of the classification of programs and certifications in levels of education attained of the CNED 2014.
First stage of secondary education or similar: Encompasses codes 21 to 24 of the classification of programs and certifications in levels of education attained of the CNED 2014.
Second stage of secondary education with general orientation: Matches code 32 of the classification of programs and certifications in levels of education attained of the CNED 2014.
Second stage of secondary education with professional orientation (it includes post-secondary non-higher education): Encompasses codes 33 to 35, 38 and 41 of the classification of programs and certifications in levels of education attained of the CNED 2014.
Higher education: Encompasses codes 51, 52, 61 to 63, 71 a 75 and 81 of the classification of programs and certifications in levels of education attained of the CNED 2014.
Data of European Union included (except for Spain):
-Since 1994 (EU-15) Germanu, Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Greece, Holland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembour, Portugal, United Kingdom and Sweden.
since the second quarter of 2004 (EU-25) with the incorporation on 1 January 2004 of ten new countries: Cyprus, Estonia Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Czech Republic and Slovakia.
Since the first quarter of 2007 (EU-27), with the incorporation on January 2007 of Bulgaria and Romania.
-Since the third quarter of 2013 (EU-28) with the incorporation on 1 July of Croatia
In the first quarter of 2020, as a consequence of the declaration of the high alert period (Royal Decrees 463/2020 and 487/2020) caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, the sample size of the first EPA interviews in weeks 11 to 13 has been lower than in other quarters, meaning that the variation coefficients for the most disaggregated estimates may be higher than usual. We recommended that you consult the related INEbase tables coeficientes de variación.
From the first quarter of 2020 onwards, the union of 27 (EU-27), following the departure, on 31 January, 2020, of the United Kingdom from the European Union (until that date EU-28)
Fuente: