Sectors of performance Reference years Total GDPpm 2022 (A) 1.346.377 GDPpm 2021 (P) 1.222.290 (R&D expenditure/GDP)*100: Total 2022 (A) 1,44 (R&D expenditure/GDP)*100: Total 2021 (P) 1,41 (R&D expenditure/GDP)*100: Government 2022 (A) 0,25 (R&D expenditure/GDP)*100: Government 2021 (P) 0,24 (R&D expenditure/GDP)*100: Higher education 2022 (A) 0,37 (R&D expenditure/GDP)*100: Higher education 2021 (P) 0,38 (R&D expenditure/GDP)*100: Enterprises and PNP 2022 (A) 0,81 (R&D expenditure/GDP)*100: Enterprises and PNP 2021 (P) 0,8