Leading Indicators Type of government Total Personnel intramural R&D (HC) Total Central Government: OPIS 16,367 Personnel intramural R&D (HC) Total Central Government: Rest of the Central Government 5,729 Personnel intramural R&D (HC) Total Regional and local Government 33,080 Personnel intramural R&D (HC) Total Other centres 5,615 Personnel intramural R&D (HC) Total Total Government 60,791 Personnel intramural R&D (HC) Researchers Central Government: OPIS 7,659 Personnel intramural R&D (HC) Researchers Central Government: Rest of the Central Government 3,497 Personnel intramural R&D (HC) Researchers Regional and local Government 21,879 Personnel intramural R&D (HC) Researchers Other centres 3,057 Personnel intramural R&D (HC) Researchers Total Government 36,092 Personnel intramural R&D (FTE) Technicians Central Government: OPIS 6,135.0 Personnel intramural R&D (FTE) Technicians Central Government: Rest of the Central Government 1,638.0 Personnel intramural R&D (FTE) Technicians Regional and local Government 7,153.0 Personnel intramural R&D (FTE) Technicians Other centres 1,801.0 Personnel intramural R&D (FTE) Technicians Total Government 16,727.0 Personnel intramural R&D (HC) Other supporting staff Central Government: OPIS 2,573 Personnel intramural R&D (HC) Other supporting staff Central Government: Rest of the Central Government 594 Personnel intramural R&D (HC) Other supporting staff Regional and local Government 4,048 Personnel intramural R&D (HC) Other supporting staff Other centres 757 Personnel intramural R&D (HC) Other supporting staff Total Government 7,972 Personnel intramural R&D (HC) Women: Total Central Government: OPIS 7,868 Personnel intramural R&D (HC) Women: Total Central Government: Rest of the Central Government 2,894 Personnel intramural R&D (HC) Women: Total Regional and local Government 19,895 Personnel intramural R&D (HC) Women: Total Other centres 3,357 Personnel intramural R&D (HC) Women: Total Total Government 34,014 Personnel intramural R&D (HC) Women: Researchers Central Government: OPIS 3,214 Personnel intramural R&D (HC) Women: Researchers Central Government: Rest of the Central Government 1,787 Personnel intramural R&D (HC) Women: Researchers Regional and local Government 12,771 Personnel intramural R&D (HC) Women: Researchers Other centres 1,646 Personnel intramural R&D (HC) Women: Researchers Total Government 19,418 Personnel intramural R&D (HC) Women: Technicians Central Government: OPIS 3,268.0 Personnel intramural R&D (HC) Women: Technicians Central Government: Rest of the Central Government 792.0 Personnel intramural R&D (HC) Women: Technicians Regional and local Government 4,848.0 Personnel intramural R&D (HC) Women: Technicians Other centres 1,175.0 Personnel intramural R&D (HC) Women: Technicians Total Government 10,083.0 Personnel intramural R&D (HC) Women: Other supporting staff Central Government: OPIS 1,386 Personnel intramural R&D (HC) Women: Other supporting staff Central Government: Rest of the Central Government 315 Personnel intramural R&D (HC) Women: Other supporting staff Regional and local Government 2,276 Personnel intramural R&D (HC) Women: Other supporting staff Other centres 536 Personnel intramural R&D (HC) Women: Other supporting staff Total Government 4,513 Personnel intramural R&D (FTE) Total Central Government: OPIS 16,169.0 Personnel intramural R&D (FTE) Total Central Government: Rest of the Central Government 4,043.4 Personnel intramural R&D (FTE) Total Regional and local Government 17,475.6 Personnel intramural R&D (FTE) Total Other centres 4,472.4 Personnel intramural R&D (FTE) Total Total Government 42,160.4 Personnel intramural R&D (FTE) Researchers Central Government: OPIS 7,654.3 Personnel intramural R&D (FTE) Researchers Central Government: Rest of the Central Government 2,481.0 Personnel intramural R&D (FTE) Researchers Regional and local Government 9,955.7 Personnel intramural R&D (FTE) Researchers Other centres 2,435.8 Personnel intramural R&D (FTE) Researchers Total Government 22,526.8 Personnel intramural R&D (FTE) Technicians Central Government: OPIS 5,949.2 Personnel intramural R&D (FTE) Technicians Central Government: Rest of the Central Government 1,241.1 Personnel intramural R&D (FTE) Technicians Regional and local Government 4,388.6 Personnel intramural R&D (FTE) Technicians Other centres 1,412.1 Personnel intramural R&D (FTE) Technicians Total Government 12,991.0 Personnel intramural R&D (FTE) Other supporting staff Central Government: OPIS 2,565.5 Personnel intramural R&D (FTE) Other supporting staff Central Government: Rest of the Central Government 321.3 Personnel intramural R&D (FTE) Other supporting staff Regional and local Government 3,131.3 Personnel intramural R&D (FTE) Other supporting staff Other centres 624.5 Personnel intramural R&D (FTE) Other supporting staff Total Government 6,642.6 Personnel intramural R&D (FTE) Women: Total Central Government: OPIS 7,739.2 Personnel intramural R&D (FTE) Women: Total Central Government: Rest of the Central Government 2,030.5 Personnel intramural R&D (FTE) Women: Total Regional and local Government 10,181.6 Personnel intramural R&D (FTE) Women: Total Other centres 2,703.8 Personnel intramural R&D (FTE) Women: Total Total Government 22,655.1 Personnel intramural R&D (FTE) Women: Researchers Central Government: OPIS 3,211.0 Personnel intramural R&D (FTE) Women: Researchers Central Government: Rest of the Central Government 1,247.6 Personnel intramural R&D (FTE) Women: Researchers Regional and local Government 5,553.4 Personnel intramural R&D (FTE) Women: Researchers Other centres 1,325.0 Personnel intramural R&D (FTE) Women: Researchers Total Government 11,337.0 Personnel intramural R&D (HC) Women: Technicians Central Government: OPIS 3,147.0 Personnel intramural R&D (HC) Women: Technicians Central Government: Rest of the Central Government 600.1 Personnel intramural R&D (HC) Women: Technicians Regional and local Government 2,958.2 Personnel intramural R&D (HC) Women: Technicians Other centres 928.1 Personnel intramural R&D (HC) Women: Technicians Total Government 7,633.4 Personnel intramural R&D (FTE) Women: Other supporting staff Central Government: OPIS 1,381.2 Personnel intramural R&D (FTE) Women: Other supporting staff Central Government: Rest of the Central Government 182.8 Personnel intramural R&D (FTE) Women: Other supporting staff Regional and local Government 1,670.0 Personnel intramural R&D (FTE) Women: Other supporting staff Other centres 450.7 Personnel intramural R&D (FTE) Women: Other supporting staff Total Government 3,684.7 By qualification (HC): Total Central Government: OPIS 16,367 By qualification (HC): Total Central Government: Rest of the Central Government 5,729 By qualification (HC): Total Regional and local Government 33,080 By qualification (HC): Total Other centres 5,615 By qualification (HC): Total Total Government 60,791 By qualification (HC): University PhD Central Government: OPIS 5,063 By qualification (HC): University PhD Central Government: Rest of the Central Government 1,532 By qualification (HC): University PhD Regional and local Government 7,904 By qualification (HC): University PhD Other centres 1,653 By qualification (HC): University PhD Total Government 16,152 By qualification (HC): Degree of more than 240 ECTS (*), Bachelor's degree and equivalents Central Government: OPIS 6,216 By qualification (HC): Degree of more than 240 ECTS (*), Bachelor's degree and equivalents Central Government: Rest of the Central Government 2,935 By qualification (HC): Degree of more than 240 ECTS (*), Bachelor's degree and equivalents Regional and local Government 16,741 By qualification (HC): Degree of more than 240 ECTS (*), Bachelor's degree and equivalents Other centres 2,668 By qualification (HC): Degree of more than 240 ECTS (*), Bachelor's degree and equivalents Total Government 28,560 By qualification (HC): Degree of 240 ECTS, Diploma and equivalents Central Government: OPIS 776 By qualification (HC): Degree of 240 ECTS, Diploma and equivalents Central Government: Rest of the Central Government 426 By qualification (HC): Degree of 240 ECTS, Diploma and equivalents Regional and local Government 4,062 By qualification (HC): Degree of 240 ECTS, Diploma and equivalents Other centres 660 By qualification (HC): Degree of 240 ECTS, Diploma and equivalents Total Government 5,924 By qualification (HC): Higher Level Training Cycle, FPII and equivalents Central Government: OPIS 1,476 By qualification (HC): Higher Level Training Cycle, FPII and equivalents Central Government: Rest of the Central Government 588 By qualification (HC): Higher Level Training Cycle, FPII and equivalents Regional and local Government 2,268 By qualification (HC): Higher Level Training Cycle, FPII and equivalents Other centres 448 By qualification (HC): Higher Level Training Cycle, FPII and equivalents Total Government 4,780 By qualification (HC): Baccalaureate, Intermediate Training Cycle, FPI and similar Central Government: OPIS 1,287 By qualification (HC): Baccalaureate, Intermediate Training Cycle, FPI and similar Central Government: Rest of the Central Government 220 By qualification (HC): Baccalaureate, Intermediate Training Cycle, FPI and similar Regional and local Government 1,522 By qualification (HC): Baccalaureate, Intermediate Training Cycle, FPI and similar Other centres 126 By qualification (HC): Baccalaureate, Intermediate Training Cycle, FPI and similar Total Government 3,155 By qualification (HC): Other studies Central Government: OPIS 1,549 By qualification (HC): Other studies Central Government: Rest of the Central Government 28 By qualification (HC): Other studies Regional and local Government 583 By qualification (HC): Other studies Other centres 60 By qualification (HC): Other studies Total Government 2,220 By qualification (HC): Women: Total Central Government: OPIS 7,868 By qualification (HC): Women: Total Central Government: Rest of the Central Government 2,894 By qualification (HC): Women: Total Regional and local Government 19,895 By qualification (HC): Women: Total Other centres 3,357 By qualification (HC): Women: Total Total Government 34,014 By qualification (HC): Women: University PhD Central Government: OPIS 2,100 By qualification (HC): Women: University PhD Central Government: Rest of the Central Government 744 By qualification (HC): Women: University PhD Regional and local Government 3,965 By qualification (HC): Women: University PhD Other centres 807 By qualification (HC): Women: University PhD Total Government 7,616 By qualification (HC): Women: Degree of more than 240 ECTS (*), Bachelor's degree and equivalents Central Government: OPIS 3,214 By qualification (HC): Women: Degree of more than 240 ECTS (*), Bachelor's degree and equivalents Central Government: Rest of the Central Government 1,449 By qualification (HC): Women: Degree of more than 240 ECTS (*), Bachelor's degree and equivalents Regional and local Government 10,468 By qualification (HC): Women: Degree of more than 240 ECTS (*), Bachelor's degree and equivalents Other centres 1,691 By qualification (HC): Women: Degree of more than 240 ECTS (*), Bachelor's degree and equivalents Total Government 16,822 By qualification (HC): Women: Degree of 240 ECTS, Diploma and equivalents Central Government: OPIS 351 By qualification (HC): Women: Degree of 240 ECTS, Diploma and equivalents Central Government: Rest of the Central Government 238 By qualification (HC): Women: Degree of 240 ECTS, Diploma and equivalents Regional and local Government 2,964 By qualification (HC): Women: Degree of 240 ECTS, Diploma and equivalents Other centres 447 By qualification (HC): Women: Degree of 240 ECTS, Diploma and equivalents Total Government 4,000 By qualification (HC): Women: Higher Level Training Cycle, FPII and equivalents Central Government: OPIS 844 By qualification (HC): Women: Higher Level Training Cycle, FPII and equivalents Central Government: Rest of the Central Government 331 By qualification (HC): Women: Higher Level Training Cycle, FPII and equivalents Regional and local Government 1,533 By qualification (HC): Women: Higher Level Training Cycle, FPII and equivalents Other centres 306 By qualification (HC): Women: Higher Level Training Cycle, FPII and equivalents Total Government 3,014 By qualification (HC): Women: Baccalaureate, Intermediate Training Cycle, FPI and similar Central Government: OPIS 566 By qualification (HC): Women: Baccalaureate, Intermediate Training Cycle, FPI and similar Central Government: Rest of the Central Government 123 By qualification (HC): Women: Baccalaureate, Intermediate Training Cycle, FPI and similar Regional and local Government 772 By qualification (HC): Women: Baccalaureate, Intermediate Training Cycle, FPI and similar Other centres 76 By qualification (HC): Women: Baccalaureate, Intermediate Training Cycle, FPI and similar Total Government 1,537 By qualification (HC): Women: Other studies Central Government: OPIS 793 By qualification (HC): Women: Other studies Central Government: Rest of the Central Government 9 By qualification (HC): Women: Other studies Regional and local Government 193 By qualification (HC): Women: Other studies Other centres 30 By qualification (HC): Women: Other studies Total Government 1,025 By qualification (FTE): Total Central Government: OPIS 16,169.0 By qualification (FTE): Total Central Government: Rest of the Central Government 4,043.4 By qualification (FTE): Total Regional and local Government 17,475.6 By qualification (FTE): Total Other centres 4,472.4 By qualification (FTE): Total Total Government 42,160.4 By qualification (FTE): University PhD Central Government: OPIS 5,052.7 By qualification (FTE): University PhD Central Government: Rest of the Central Government 1,216.3 By qualification (FTE): University PhD Regional and local Government 4,547.5 By qualification (FTE): University PhD Other centres 1,330.8 By qualification (FTE): University PhD Total Government 12,147.3 By qualification (FTE): Degree of more than 240 ECTS (*), Bachelor's degree and equivalents Central Government: OPIS 6,049.5 By qualification (FTE): Degree of more than 240 ECTS (*), Bachelor's degree and equivalents Central Government: Rest of the Central Government 1,976.6 By qualification (FTE): Degree of more than 240 ECTS (*), Bachelor's degree and equivalents Regional and local Government 7,647.4 By qualification (FTE): Degree of more than 240 ECTS (*), Bachelor's degree and equivalents Other centres 2,144.4 By qualification (FTE): Degree of more than 240 ECTS (*), Bachelor's degree and equivalents Total Government 17,817.9 By qualification (FTE): Degree of 240 ECTS, Diploma and equivalents Central Government: OPIS 770.6 By qualification (FTE): Degree of 240 ECTS, Diploma and equivalents Central Government: Rest of the Central Government 321.6 By qualification (FTE): Degree of 240 ECTS, Diploma and equivalents Regional and local Government 1,886.1 By qualification (FTE): Degree of 240 ECTS, Diploma and equivalents Other centres 477.8 By qualification (FTE): Degree of 240 ECTS, Diploma and equivalents Total Government 3,456.1 By qualification (FTE): Higher Level Training Cycle, FPII and equivalents Central Government: OPIS 1,463.7 By qualification (FTE): Higher Level Training Cycle, FPII and equivalents Central Government: Rest of the Central Government 390.4 By qualification (FTE): Higher Level Training Cycle, FPII and equivalents Regional and local Government 1,768.5 By qualification (FTE): Higher Level Training Cycle, FPII and equivalents Other centres 384.2 By qualification (FTE): Higher Level Training Cycle, FPII and equivalents Total Government 4,006.8 By qualification (FTE): Baccalaureate, Intermediate Training Cycle, FPI and similar Central Government: OPIS 1,285.4 By qualification (FTE): Baccalaureate, Intermediate Training Cycle, FPI and similar Central Government: Rest of the Central Government 121.2 By qualification (FTE): Baccalaureate, Intermediate Training Cycle, FPI and similar Regional and local Government 1,104.3 By qualification (FTE): Baccalaureate, Intermediate Training Cycle, FPI and similar Other centres 92.7 By qualification (FTE): Baccalaureate, Intermediate Training Cycle, FPI and similar Total Government 2,603.6 By qualification (FTE): Other studies Central Government: OPIS 1,547.1 By qualification (FTE): Other studies Central Government: Rest of the Central Government 17.3 By qualification (FTE): Other studies Regional and local Government 521.8 By qualification (FTE): Other studies Other centres 42.5 By qualification (FTE): Other studies Total Government 2,128.7 By scientific discipline (HC): Total Central Government: OPIS 16,367 By scientific discipline (HC): Total Central Government: Rest of the Central Government 5,729 By scientific discipline (HC): Total Regional and local Government 33,080 By scientific discipline (HC): Total Other centres 5,615 By scientific discipline (HC): Total Total Government 60,791 By scientific discipline (HC): Exact and natural sciences Central Government: OPIS 4,576 By scientific discipline (HC): Exact and natural sciences Central Government: Rest of the Central Government 1,117 By scientific discipline (HC): Exact and natural sciences Regional and local Government 3,673 By scientific discipline (HC): Exact and natural sciences Other centres 1,672 By scientific discipline (HC): Exact and natural sciences Total Government 11,038 By scientific discipline (HC): Engineering and technology Central Government: OPIS 5,217 By scientific discipline (HC): Engineering and technology Central Government: Rest of the Central Government 1,640 By scientific discipline (HC): Engineering and technology Regional and local Government 1,803 By scientific discipline (HC): Engineering and technology Other centres 662 By scientific discipline (HC): Engineering and technology Total Government 9,322 By scientific discipline (HC): Medical Sciences Central Government: OPIS 3,304 By scientific discipline (HC): Medical Sciences Central Government: Rest of the Central Government 1,973 By scientific discipline (HC): Medical Sciences Regional and local Government 21,369 By scientific discipline (HC): Medical Sciences Other centres 2,798 By scientific discipline (HC): Medical Sciences Total Government 29,444 By scientific discipline (HC): Agricultural and veterinary sciences Central Government: OPIS 1,992 By scientific discipline (HC): Agricultural and veterinary sciences Central Government: Rest of the Central Government 7 By scientific discipline (HC): Agricultural and veterinary sciences Regional and local Government 4,189 By scientific discipline (HC): Agricultural and veterinary sciences Other centres 26 By scientific discipline (HC): Agricultural and veterinary sciences Total Government 6,214 By scientific discipline (HC): Social Sciences Central Government: OPIS 661 By scientific discipline (HC): Social Sciences Central Government: Rest of the Central Government 910 By scientific discipline (HC): Social Sciences Regional and local Government 1,503 By scientific discipline (HC): Social Sciences Other centres 222 By scientific discipline (HC): Social Sciences Total Government 3,296 By scientific discipline (HC): Humanities and the Arts Central Government: OPIS 617 By scientific discipline (HC): Humanities and the Arts Central Government: Rest of the Central Government 82 By scientific discipline (HC): Humanities and the Arts Regional and local Government 543 By scientific discipline (HC): Humanities and the Arts Other centres 235 By scientific discipline (HC): Humanities and the Arts Total Government 1,477 By scientific discipline (HC): Women: Total Central Government: OPIS 7,868 By scientific discipline (HC): Women: Total Central Government: Rest of the Central Government 2,894 By scientific discipline (HC): Women: Total Regional and local Government 19,895 By scientific discipline (HC): Women: Total Other centres 3,357 By scientific discipline (HC): Women: Total Total Government 34,014 By scientific discipline (HC): Women: Exact and natural sciences Central Government: OPIS 1,849 By scientific discipline (HC): Women: Exact and natural sciences Central Government: Rest of the Central Government 541 By scientific discipline (HC): Women: Exact and natural sciences Regional and local Government 2,128 By scientific discipline (HC): Women: Exact and natural sciences Other centres 874 By scientific discipline (HC): Women: Exact and natural sciences Total Government 5,392 By scientific discipline (HC): Women: Engineering and technology Central Government: OPIS 2,238 By scientific discipline (HC): Women: Engineering and technology Central Government: Rest of the Central Government 488 By scientific discipline (HC): Women: Engineering and technology Regional and local Government 712 By scientific discipline (HC): Women: Engineering and technology Other centres 255 By scientific discipline (HC): Women: Engineering and technology Total Government 3,693 By scientific discipline (HC). Women: Medical Sciences Central Government: OPIS 1,994 By scientific discipline (HC). Women: Medical Sciences Central Government: Rest of the Central Government 1,346 By scientific discipline (HC). Women: Medical Sciences Regional and local Government 13,845 By scientific discipline (HC). Women: Medical Sciences Other centres 1,942 By scientific discipline (HC). Women: Medical Sciences Total Government 19,127 By scientific discipline (HC): Women: Agricultural and veterinary sciences Central Government: OPIS 1,076 By scientific discipline (HC): Women: Agricultural and veterinary sciences Central Government: Rest of the Central Government 5 By scientific discipline (HC): Women: Agricultural and veterinary sciences Regional and local Government 1,985 By scientific discipline (HC): Women: Agricultural and veterinary sciences Other centres 19 By scientific discipline (HC): Women: Agricultural and veterinary sciences Total Government 3,085 By scientific discipline (HC): Women: Social Sciences Central Government: OPIS 309 By scientific discipline (HC): Women: Social Sciences Central Government: Rest of the Central Government 468 By scientific discipline (HC): Women: Social Sciences Regional and local Government 922 By scientific discipline (HC): Women: Social Sciences Other centres 145 By scientific discipline (HC): Women: Social Sciences Total Government 1,844 By scientific discipline (HC): Women: Humanities and the Arts Central Government: OPIS 402 By scientific discipline (HC): Women: Humanities and the Arts Central Government: Rest of the Central Government 46 By scientific discipline (HC): Women: Humanities and the Arts Regional and local Government 303 By scientific discipline (HC): Women: Humanities and the Arts Other centres 122 By scientific discipline (HC): Women: Humanities and the Arts Total Government 873 External personnel by occupation (HC): Total Central Government: OPIS 3 External personnel by occupation (HC): Total Central Government: Rest of the Central Government 131 External personnel by occupation (HC): Total Regional and local Government 185 External personnel by occupation (HC): Total Other centres 44 External personnel by occupation (HC): Total Total Government 363 External personnel by occupation (HC): Researchers Central Government: OPIS 3 External personnel by occupation (HC): Researchers Central Government: Rest of the Central Government 75 External personnel by occupation (HC): Researchers Regional and local Government 112 External personnel by occupation (HC): Researchers Other centres 27 External personnel by occupation (HC): Researchers Total Government 217 External personnel by occupation (HC): Women: Total Central Government: OPIS 3 External personnel by occupation (HC): Women: Total Central Government: Rest of the Central Government 40 External personnel by occupation (HC): Women: Total Regional and local Government 86 External personnel by occupation (HC): Women: Total Other centres 20 External personnel by occupation (HC): Women: Total Total Government 149 External personnel by occupation (HC): Women: Researchers Central Government: OPIS 3 External personnel by occupation (HC): Women: Researchers Central Government: Rest of the Central Government 26 External personnel by occupation (HC): Women: Researchers Regional and local Government 59 External personnel by occupation (HC): Women: Researchers Other centres 11 External personnel by occupation (HC): Women: Researchers Total Government 99 External personnel by occupation (FTE): Total Central Government: OPIS 3.0 External personnel by occupation (FTE): Total Central Government: Rest of the Central Government 115.8 External personnel by occupation (FTE): Total Regional and local Government 136.0 External personnel by occupation (FTE): Total Other centres 35.1 External personnel by occupation (FTE): Total Total Government 289.9 External personnel by occupation (FTE): Researchers Central Government: OPIS 3.0 External personnel by occupation (FTE): Researchers Central Government: Rest of the Central Government 62.9 External personnel by occupation (FTE): Researchers Regional and local Government 92.7 External personnel by occupation (FTE): Researchers Other centres 23.3 External personnel by occupation (FTE): Researchers Total Government 181.9 External personnel by occupation (FTE): Women: Total Central Government: OPIS 3.0 External personnel by occupation (FTE): Women: Total Central Government: Rest of the Central Government 33.3 External personnel by occupation (FTE): Women: Total Regional and local Government 65.0 External personnel by occupation (FTE): Women: Total Other centres 15.4 External personnel by occupation (FTE): Women: Total Total Government 116.7 External personnel by occupation (FTE): Women: Researchers Central Government: OPIS 3.0 External personnel by occupation (FTE): Women: Researchers Central Government: Rest of the Central Government 19.4 External personnel by occupation (FTE): Women: Researchers Regional and local Government 48.2 External personnel by occupation (FTE): Women: Researchers Other centres 10.0 External personnel by occupation (FTE): Women: Researchers Total Government 80.6