- Methods and Projects
- Standards and Classifications
Standardised Methodological Report
Rail Transport Statistics
- 1Contact
- 1.1Contact organisation
National Statistics Institute of Spain
- 1.5Contact mail address
Avenida de Manoteras 50-52 - 28050 Madrid
- 1.1Contact organisation
- 2Metadata update
- 2.1Metadata last certified
03/06/2024
- 2.2Metadata last posted
04/03/2024
- 2.3Metadata last update
03/06/2024
- 2.1Metadata last certified
- 3Statistical presentation
- 3.1Data description
The Rail Transport Statistics aim to provide quarterly and annual information on the number of goods and passengers transported, as well as accidents that have occurred.
In order to obtain the information, the INE sends a questionnaire to all railway companies engaged in the transport of goods or passengers operating in the national territory.
- 3.2Classification system
- Accidente ferroviario
1 Colisiones (salvo accidentes en pasos a nivel)
1.1 Colisión de tren con un vehículo ferroviario
1.2 Colisión de tren con un obstáculo dentro del gálibo de libre paso
2 Descarrilamientos
3 Accidente en paso a nivel
3.1 Accidente en paso a nivel en un paso a nivel pasivo
3.2 Accidente en paso a nivel en un paso a nivel manual
3.3 Accidente en paso a nivel en un paso automático con aviso del lado del usuario
3.4 Accidente en paso a nivel en un paso automático con protección del lado del usuario
3.5 Accidente en paso a nivel con protección del lado de la vía
4 Accidente causado a personas con implicación de material rodante en movimiento
5 Incendio en el material rodante
O Otros - Accidentes con mercancías peligrosas
1 Accidentes que implican transporte de mercancías peligrosas
1.1 Accidentes que implican transporte de mercancías peligrosas con escape de sustancias peligrosas - Flete
1 Cargadas fletadas
2 Vacías fletadas - Gravedad de la víctima
1 Muerto
2 Herido
2.1 Herido leve
2.2 Herido grave - Mercancía peligrosa
1 Explosivos
2 Gases, comprimidos, licuados o disueltos a presión
3 Líquidos inflamables
4 Sólidos inflamables, sustancias con riesgo de combustión espontánea y sustancias que, en contacto con el agua, emiten gases inflamables
4.1 Sólidos inflamables
4.2 Sustancias con riesgo de combustión espontánea
4.3 Sustancias que, en contacto con el agua, emiten gases inflamables
5 Sustancias oxidantes y peróxidos orgánicos
5.1 Sustancias oxidantes
5.2 Peróxidos orgánicos
6 Sustancias tóxicas e infecciosas
6.1 Sustancias tóxicas
6.2 Sustancias que pueden provocar infecciones
7 Materias radiactivas
8 Sustancias corrosivas
9 Sustancias peligrosas diversas - NST 2007, a dos dígitos
01 Productos de la agricultura, la ganadería, la caza y la silvicultura; pescado y otros productos de la pesca
02 Hulla, antracita y lignito; petróleo crudo y gas natural; uranio y torio
03 Minerales metálicos y otros minerales y productos de la minería
04 Productos alimenticios, bebidas y tabaco
05 Productos de la industria textil y de la confección; cuero y productos de cuero
06 Productos de madera y corcho (excepto muebles); artículos de cestería y espartería; productos de la industria del papel; edición, artes gráficas y material grabado
07 Coque, productos de petróleo refinado y combustible nuclear
08 Productos químicos y fibras artificiales y sintéticas; productos de caucho y plásticos
09 Otros productos minerales no metálicos
10 Productos de metalurgia y productos metálicos, excepto maquinaria y equipo
11 Maquinaria y equipo mecánico n.c.o.p.: maquinaria de oficina y equipo informático; maquinaria y material eléctrico n.c.o.p.; equipos y aparatos de radio, televisión y comunicaciones; equipo e instrumentos médico-quirúrgicos, de precisión y ópticos; reloje
12 Material de transporte
13 Muebles; otros artículos manufacturados n.c.o.p.
14 Materiales secundarios en bruto; residuos municipales y otros residuos no especificados en la CPA
15 Correo, paquetes
16 Equipos y materiales utilizados en el transporte de mercancías
17 Mercancías trasladadas durante mudanzas privadas y profesionales; equipaje transportado por separado de los viajeros; vehículos de motor trasladados para su reparación; otros bienes no de mercado n.c.o.p.
18 Mercancías agrupadas: distintos tipos de mercancías transportadas conjuntamente
19 Mercancías no identificables: mercancías que por cualquier razón no pueden identificarse y no pueden, por tanto, clasificarse en los grupos 01 a 16
20 Otros artículos n.c.o.p. - Países
126 Alemania
102 Austria
103 Bélgica
107 Dinamarca
110 Francia
112 Hungría
115 Italia
121 Países Bajos
122 Polonia
123 Portugal
125 Reino Unido
143 República Checa
144 República Eslovaca
128 Rumanía
132 Suiza - Precursor de accidente ferroviario
1 Rotura de carril
2 Deformación u otra desalineación de la vía
3 Fallo de la señalización
4 Señal pasada en situación de peligro sobrepasando el punto de peligro
5 Señal pasada en situación de peligro sin sobrepasar el punto de peligro
6 Rueda rota de material rodante en servicio
7 Eje roto de material rodante en servicio - Tipo de accidente
1 Accidente significativo
2 Accidente grave
3 Accidente con víctimas - Tipo de transporte según contenido
1 Mercancías
2 Viajeros
O Otros - Tipo de transporte según destino
1 Nacional
2 Internacional
2.1 Salidas internacionales de España
2.2 Entradas internacionales a España
3 Tránsito - Unidad de transporte
1 Contenedores y cajas móviles
2 Semirremolques (no acompañados)
3 Vehículos rodados (acompañados) - Víctima de accidente ferroviario
1 Viajero
2 Empleado o contratista
O Otro tipo de víctima
O.1 Usuario de paso a nivel
O.2 Intruso
O.3 Otro tipo de persona que se halla en un andén
O.4 Otro tipo de persona que no se halla en un andén
- Accidente ferroviario
- 3.3Sector coverage
The population scope is composed of all railway companies that provide rail transport services of goods or passengers.
- 3.4Statistical concepts and definitions
- Serious injury accident
Any accident involving at least one rail vehicle in motion, resulting in at least one killed or seriously injured person. Accidents in workshops, warehouses and depots are excluded.
- Accident involving the transport of dangerous goods
Any accident or incident that is subject to reporting in accordance with RID/ADR section 1.8.5.
- Significant accident
Any accident involving at least one rail vehicle in motion, resulting in at least one killed or seriously injured person, or in significant damage to stock, track, other installations or environment, or extensive disruptions to traffic. Accidents in workshops, warehouses and depots are excluded.
- National authorities
National statistical institutes and other bodies responsible in each Member State for producing Community statistics.
- Railway undertaking
Any public or private undertaking which provides services for the transport of goods and/or passengers by rail.
Undertakings whose only business is to provide services for the transport of passengers by metro, tram and/or light rail are excluded - Track buckle or other track misalignment
Any fault related to the continuum and the geometry of track, requiring track to be placedout of service or immediate restriction of permitted speed
- Broken axle on rolling stock in service¿
A break affecting the axle and creating a risk of accident (derailment or collision).
- Full trainload
Any consignment comprising one or more wagonloads transported at the same time by the same sender at the same station and forwarded with no change in train composition to the address of the same consignee at the same destination station
- Full wagonload
Any consignment of goods for which the exclusive use of a wagon is required, whether the total loading capacity is utilised or not.
- Wrong side signaling failure
Any technical failure of a signalling system (either to infrastructure or to rolling stock), resulting in signalling information less estrictive than that demanded
- Railway
Line of communication made up by rail exclusively for the use of railway vehicles.
- Person seriously injured
Any person injured who was hospitalised for more than 24 hours as a result of an accident, excluding attempted suicides.
- Attempted suicide
An act to deliberately injure oneself resulting in serious injury, but not in death, as recorded and classified by the competent national authority.
- Light rail
A railway for the transport of passengers that often uses electrically powered rail-borne cars operating singly or in short trains on fixed duo-rail lines. There is generally a distance of less than 1200 m between stations/stops. In comparison to metros, light rail is more lightly constructed, is designed for lower traffic volumes and usually travels at lower speeds. It is sometimes difficult to make a precise distinction between light rail and trams; trams are generally not separated from road traffic, whereas light rail may be separated from other systems.
- Metro (also known as «subway», «metropolitan railway» or «underground»)
An electric railway for the transport of passengers with the capacity for a heavy volume of traffic and characterised by exclusive rights-of-way, multi-car trains, high speed and rapid acceleration, sophisticated signalling as well as the absence of level crossings to allow a high frequency of trains and high platform load. Metros are also characterised by closely spaced stations, normally meaning a distance of 700 to 1200 m between the stations. 'High speed' refers to the comparison with trams and light rail, and means here approximately 30 to 40 km/h on shorter distances, 40 to 70 km/h on longer distances.
- Person killed
Any person killed immediately or dying within 30 days as a result of an accident, excluding suicides.
- Number of passengers
The number of trips by rail passengers, where each trip is defined as the movement from the place of embarkation to the place of disembarkation, with or without transfers from one rail vehicle to another. If passengers use the services of more than one railway undertaking, when possible they should not be counted more than once.
- Reporting country
The Member State transmitting data to Eurostat.
- Rail passenger
Any person, excluding members of the train crew, who makes a trip by rail. For accident statistics, passengers trying to embark/disembark onto/from a moving train are included.
- Passenger-km
The unit of measure representing the transport of one passenger by rail over a distance of one kilometre. Only the distance on the national territory of the reporting country shall be taken into account.
- Weight
The quantity of goods in tonnes (1000 kilograms). The weight to be taken into consideration includes, in addition to the weight of the goods transported, the weight of packaging and the tare weight of containers, swap bodies, pallets as well as road vehicles transported by rail in the course of combined transport operations. If the goods are transported using the services of more than one railway undertaking, when possible the weight of goods should not be counted more than once.
- Precursores de accidentes
Son aquellos incidentes que conducirían a un evento no deseado de mayor consecuencia si las condiciones hubieran sido diferentes.
Los precursores se clasifican en rotura de carril, deformación u otra desalineación de la vía, fallo de la señalización, señal pasada en situación de peligro sobrepasando el punto de peligro, señal pasada en situación de peligro sin sobrepasar el punto de peligro, rueda rota de material rodante en servicio y eje roto de material rodante en servicio. - Broken rail
Means any rail which is separated in two or more pieces, or any rail from which a piece of metal becomes detached,causing a gap of more than 50 mm in length and more than 10 mm in depth on the running surface.
- Broken wheel on rolling stock in service
A break affecting the wheeland creatinga risk of accident (derailment or collision)
- Signal Passed at Danger without passing a danger point
Any occasion when any part of a train proceeds beyond its authorised movement but does not travel beyond the danger point.
- Signal Passed at Danger when passing a danger point
Any occasion when any part of a train proceeds beyond its authorised movement and travels beyond the danger point.
- Suicide
An act to deliberately injure oneself resulting in death, as recorded and classified by the competent national authority.
- TEU (Twenty-foot Equivalent Unit)
A standard unit based on an ISO container of 20 feet length (6,10 m), used as a statistical measure of traffic flows or capacities. One standard 40' ISO Series 1 container equals 2 TEUs. Swap bodies under 20 feet correspond to 0,75 TEU, between 20 feet and 40 feet to 1,5 TEU and over 40 feet to 2,25 TEU.
- Tonne-km
The unit of measure of goods transport which represents the transport of one tonne (1000 kilograms) of goods by rail over a distance of one kilometre. Only the distance on the national territory of the reporting country shall be taken into account.
- Transport of goods by rail
The movement of goods using railway vehicles between the place of loading and the place of unloading.
- Transport of passengers by rail
The movement of passengers using railway vehicles between the place of embarkation and the place of disembarkation. The transport of passengers by metro, tram and/or light rail is excluded.
- Transit
Rail transport through the reporting country between two places (a place of loading/embarkation and a place of unloading/disembarkation) outside the reporting country. Transport operations involving loading/embarkation or unloading/disembarkation of goods/passengers at the border of the reporting country from/onto another mode of transport are not considered as transit.
- International transport
Rail transport between a place (of loading/embarkation or unloading/disembarkation) in the reporting country and a place (of loading/embarkation or unloading/disembarkation) in another country.
- National transport
Rail transport between two places (a place of loading/embarkation and a place of unloading/disembarkation) located in the reporting country. It may involve transit through a second country.
- tram (streetcar)
A passenger road vehicle designed to seat more than nine persons (including the driver), which is connected to electric conductors or powered by diesel engine and which is rail-borne.
- Train
One or more railway vehicles hauled by one or more locomotives or railcars, or one railcar travelling alone, running under a given number or specific designation from an initial fixed point to a terminal fixed point. A light engine, i.e. a locomotive travelling on its own, is not considered to be a train.
- Train-km
The unit of measure representing the movement of a train over one kilometre. The distance used is the distance actually run, if available, otherwise the standard network distance between the origin and destination shall be used. Only the distance on the national territory of the reporting country shall be taken into account.
- Railway vehicle
Mobile equipment running exclusively on rails, moving either under its own power (tractive vehicles) or hauled by another vehicle (coaches, railcar trailers, vans and wagons).
- Serious injury accident
- 3.5Statistical unit
The statistical unit is the railway undertakings.
- 3.6Statistical population
The population under study is formed by all the railway companies, both public and private, which provide services for the transport of goods and/or passengers by rail within the national territory. Undertakings whose only business is to provide services for the transport of passengers by metro, tram and/or light rail are excluded.
- 3.7Reference area
All railways in the Community. Each Member State shall report statistics which relate to rail transport on its national territory. Where a railway undertaking operates in more than one Member State, the national authorities concerned shall require the undertaking to provide data separately for each country in which it operates so as to enable national statistics to be compiled..
The data disseminated are published for the national total.
- 3.8Time coverage
The historical series begins in 2004.
- 3.9Base period
Results for this statistic are available from year 2004.
- 3.1Data description
- 4Unit of measure
- 4.1Unit of measure
Passengers, tonnes, train-km, passenger-km, tonne-km, TEU, accidents.
- 4.1Unit of measure
- 5Reference period
- 5.1Reference period
The reference period is the quarter and the calendar year.
Data referred to the period: Trimestral A: 2023 TRI: IV
- 5.1Reference period
- 6Institutional mandate
- 6.1Legal acts and other agreements
The compilation and dissemination of the data are governed by the Statistical Law No. 12/1989 "Public Statistical Function" of May 9, 1989, and Law No. 4/1990 of June 29 on “National Budget of State for the year 1990" amended by Law No. 13/1996 "Fiscal, administrative and social measures" of December 30, 1996, makes compulsory all statistics included in the National Statistics Plan. The National Statistical Plan 2009-2012 was approved by the Royal Decree 1663/2008. It contains the statistics that must be developed in the four year period by the State General Administration's services or any other entity dependent on it. All statistics included in the National Statistics Plan are statistics for state purposes and are obligatory. The National Statistics Plan 2021-2024, approved by Royal Decree 1110/2020, of 15 December, is the Plan currently implemented. This statistical operation has governmental purposes, and it is included in the National Statistics Plan 2021-2024. (Statistics of the State Administration).
These statistics are subject to the provisions of Regulation (EU) 2018/643 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 April 2018 on rail transport statistics. The Spanish version of the European Union rules affecting this operation is available at: https://www.ine.es/normativa/leyes/UE/minine.htm#30221
- 6.2Data sharing
The exchanges of information needed to elaborate statistics between the INE and the rest of the State statistical offices (Ministerial Departments, independent bodies and administrative bodies depending on the State General Administration), or between these offices and the Autonomic statistical offices, are regulated in the LFEP (Law of the Public Statistic Function). This law also regulates the mechanisms of statistical coordination, and concludes cooperation agreements between the different offices when necessary.
- 6.1Legal acts and other agreements
- 7Confidentiality
- 7.1Confidentiality - policy
The Statistical Law No. 12/1989 specifies that the INE cannot publish, or make otherwise available, individual data or statistics that would enable the identification of data for any individual person or entity. Regulation (EC) No 223/2009 on European statistics stipulates the need to establish common principles and guidelines ensuring the confidentiality of data used for the production of European statistics and the access to those confidential data with due account for technical developments and the requirements of users in a democratic society
- 7.2Confidentiality - data treatment
INE provides information on the protection of confidentiality at all stages of the statistical process: INE questionnaires for the operations in the national statistical plan include a legal clause protecting data under statistical confidentiality. Notices prior to data collection announcing a statistical operation notify respondents that data are subject to statistical confidentiality at all stages. For data processing, INE employees have available the INE data protection handbook, which specifies the steps that should be taken at each stage of processing to ensure reporting units' individual data are protected. The microdata files provided to users are anonymised.
- 7.1Confidentiality - policy
- 8Release policy
- 8.1Release calendar
The advance release calendar that shows the precise release dates for the coming year is disseminated in the last quarter of each year.
- 8.2Release calendar access
The calendar is disseminated on the INEs Internet website (Publications Calendar)
- 8.3User access
The data are released simultaneously according to the advance release calendar to all interested parties by issuing the press release. At the same time, the data are posted on the INE's Internet website (www.ine.es/en) almost immediately after the press release is issued. Also some predefined tailor-made requests are sent to registered users. Some users could receive partial information under embargo as it is publicly described in the European Statistics Code of Practice
- 8.1Release calendar
- 9Frequency of dissemination
- 9.1Frequency of dissemination
The frequency of data dissemination is quarterly and annual.
- 9.1Frequency of dissemination
- 10Accessibility and clarity
- 10.1News release
The results of the statistical operations are normally disseminated by using press releases that can be accessed via both the corresponding menu and the Press Releases Section in the web
- 10.2Publications
The quarterly and annual results of this operation since 2010 are available on the INE website. It can be accessed through INEbase/Services/Transport. It can also be accessed directly through the following link:
http://ine.es/dyngs/INEbase/en/operacion.htm?c=Estadistica_C&cid=1254736177040&menu=ultiDatos&idp=1254735576820 - 10.3On-line database
INEbase is the system the INE uses to store statistical information on the Internet. It contains all the information the INE produces in electronic formats. The primary organisation of the information follows the theme-based classification of the Inventory of Statistical Operations of the State General Administration . The basic unit of INEbase is the statistical operation, defined as the set of activities that lead to obtaining statistical results on a determined sector or subject based on the individually collected data. Also included in the scope of this definition are synthesis preparation.
All tables and historical series are available at https://www.ine.es, section INEbase/Services/Transport. It can be accessed through the following link:
http://ine.es/dyngs/INEbase/en/operacion.htm?c=Estadistica_C&cid=1254736177040&menu=ultiDatos&idp=1254735576820In 2023, a total of AC1=32,925 accesses to the ETF website were registered.
- 10.4Micro-data access
A lot of statistical operations disseminate public domain anonymized files, available free of charge for downloading in the INE website Microdata Section
In this statistic, no microdata are disseminated.
- 10.5Other
Users can make customised requests. The policy of attention to customised requests is to analyse whether the conditions of statistical secrecy and significance are met. After this analysis, a feasibility report is prepared and sent to the petitioner.
The requests will be made through the User Service Area: https://www.ine.es/prodyser/informacion
- 10.6Documentation on methodology
The methodological documentation can be consulted at:
http://ine.es/dyngs/INEbase/en/operacion.htm?c=Estadistica_C&cid=1254736177040&menu=metodologia&idp=1254735576820In 2023 the number of accesses to the methodological documentation was AC2=578.
- 10.7Quality documentation
Fields 10.6 to 17 of this document are the user-oriented quality report for this operation.
- 10.1News release
- 11Quality management
- 11.1Quality assurance
Quality assurance framework for the INE statistics is based on the ESSCoP, the European Statistics Code of Practice made by EUROSTAT. The ESSCoP is made up of 16 principles, gathered in three areas: Institutional Environment, Processes and Products. Each principle is associated with some indicators which make possible to measure it. In order to evaluate quality, EUROSTAT provides different tools: the indicators mentioned above, Self-assessment based on the DESAP model, peer review, user satisfaction surveys and other proceedings for evaluation.
The production process of the Railway Transport Statistics is designed to guarantee the quality of the information used, as well as of the results obtained from it. For this, in all the phases of the process different quality controls have been designed, such as the detection of invalid values and other permanent controls on the flow of information. The Railway Transport Statistics are carried out in accordance with community guidelines, complying with the Code of Practice implemented by Eurostat and taking into account the necessary measures to ensure that the published data meet the required quality standards.
- 11.2Quality assessment
The Rail Transport Statistics is a census whose source is all the rail transport companies operating in the national territory, which guarantees reliable information and high quality statistics. This allows us to provide information that no other statistical source provides with the same level of detail. It also has the following quality criteria: relevance, accuracy, topicality, timeliness, accessibility, clarity, comparability and consistency.
- 11.1Quality assurance
- 12Relevance
- 12.1User needs
The Rail Transport Statistics covers the information needs of different groups of users:
- Ministries and other public bodies
- Territorial administrations
- Researchers and universities
- Individuals
Each of these users has different needs according to the destination and usefulness of the information they need.
- 12.2User satisfaction
The INE has carried out general user satisfaction surveys in 2007, 2010, 2013, 2016 and 2019 and it plans to continue doing so every three years. The purpose of these surveys is to find out what users think about the quality of the information of the INE statistics and the extent to which their needs of information are covered. In addition, additional surveys are carried out in order to acknowledge better other fields such as dissemination of the information, quality of some publications...
On the INE website, in its section Methods and Projects / Quality and Code of Practice / INE quality management / User surveys are available surveys conducted to date.(Click next link)
- 12.3Completeness
The survey meets the information requirements according to Regulation (EU) 2018/643 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 April 2018 on rail transport statistics (recast).
It is included in the National Statistical Plan 2021-2024 in the section on Information on Companies and in the European Statistical Programme 2018-2022: Transport statistics.
R1 (Rate of available mandatory statistical results) = 100%.
As far as possible, unmet needs are incorporated into the survey when methodological updates are made.
- 12.1User needs
- 13Accuracy and reliability
- 13.1Overall accuracy
The different processes of the statistics are aimed at eliminating or reducing as much as possible the errors, both in the collection phase (follow-up of the response rate and cleaning control) and in subsequent phases of editing. As it is a census, this statistic does not present sampling errors.
- 13.2Sampling error
As it is a census, there are no sampling errors.
- 13.3Non-sampling error
Special attention is paid to recording, editing and non-response errors, achieving a 100% response rate in 2023. Thus the response rate, both per unit and per item is A4=0% and A5=0%.
- 13.1Overall accuracy
- 14Timeliness and punctuality
- 14.1Timeliness
Approximately 7 months elapse between the reference date of the information and the date of publication of the annual results and 2 months for the quarterly results. Therefore TP2=7months for annual data and TP2=2 months for quarterly data.
- 14.2Punctuality
The data are delivered punctually on the date announced in the structural publications calendar. Therefore TP3=0.
- 14.1Timeliness
- 15Coherence and Comparability
- 15.1Comparability - geographical
The availability of a methodology, a design and a common process of collection, edition, estimation in all its geographical scope, guarantees the comparability of the results both nationally and internationally.
- 15.2Comparability - over time
As there have been no methodological changes, all the indicators of the statistics are comparable over time since 2004, being in January 2024 the number of comparable elements CC2 = 20 for the annual series and 80 for the quarterly series.
- 15.3Coherence - cross domain
There is currently no crossing between sectors.
- 15.4Coherence - internal
The consistency between variables is contrasted in all phases of the statistical process.
- 15.1Comparability - geographical
- 16Cost and burden
- 16.1Cost and burden
The estimated budget appropriation necessary to carry out this statistic in 2024 is 24.33 euros. The burden on respondents, according to the information received from them, is one person working week per year.
- 16.1Cost and burden
- 17Data revision
- 17.1Data revision - policy
The INE of Spain has a policy which regulates the basic aspects of statistical data revision, seeking to ensure process transparency and product quality. This policy is laid out in the document approved by the INE board of directors on 13 March of 2015, which is available on the INE website, in the section "Methods and projects/Quality and Code of Practice/INE’s Quality management/INE’s Revision policy" (link).
This general policy sets the criteria that the different type of revisions should follow: routine revision- it is the case of statistics whose production process includes regular revisions-; more extensive revision- when methodological or basic reference source changes take place-; and exceptional revision- for instance, when an error appears in a published statistic-.
Only final data are published.
- 17.2Data revision - practice
Only final data are published. If an error is detected, it is corrected and users are warned about it.
- 17.1Data revision - policy
- 18Statistical processing
- 18.1Source data
The information is obtained from a survey of companies involved in the transport of goods and passengers. The information is comprehensive and is provided quarterly or annually.
- 18.2Frequency of data collection
Data collection is done quarterly and annually.
- 18.3Data collection
The INE sends questionnaires to the corresponding units, with a response rate of 100% in 2023.
- 18.4Data validation
Validation rules are established between related variables and in a single variable by comparison over time, given that the published historical series are homogeneous, and therefore comparable both temporally and geographically.
- 18.5Data compilation
Once the questionnaires have been collected from the corresponding sample units and after the cleaning and validation phases, the INE processes the information, aggregating it on a national level for dissemination.
- 18.6Adjustment
No data adjustment is carried out.
- 18.1Source data
- 19Comment
- 19.1Comment
- 19.1Comment