- Methods and Projects
- Standards and Classifications
Standardised Methodological Report
Foreclosure Statistics
- 1Contact
- 1.1Contact organisation
National Statistics Institute of Spain
- 1.5Contact mail address
Avenida de Manoteras 50-52 - 28050 Madrid
- 1.1Contact organisation
- 2Metadata update
- 2.1Metadata last certified
28/02/2024
- 2.2Metadata last posted
02/06/2023
- 2.3Metadata last update
28/02/2024
- 2.1Metadata last certified
- 3Statistical presentation
- 3.1Data description
The main objective of Foreclosure Statistics is to offer each quarter the number of foreclosure certifications that begun and were registered in Land Registries, regarding the total of rustic and urban properties.
It is worth noting that all foreclosures that begin, do not end with the eviction of its owners.
Eviction is a procedure specific to eviction proceedings, and it consists in physically removing the occupants out of a property. If the property is abandoned voluntarily, eviction will not be necessary.
- 3.2Classification system
- Comunidades y Ciudades Autónomas
01 Andalucía
02 Aragón
03 Asturias, Principado de
04 Balears, Illes
05 Canarias
06 Cantabria
07 Castilla y León
08 Castilla - La Mancha
09 Cataluña
10 Comunitat Valenciana
11 Extremadura
12 Galicia
13 Madrid, Comunidad de
14 Murcia, Región de
15 Navarra, Comunidad Foral de
16 País Vasco
17 Rioja, La
18 Ceuta
19 Melilla - Estado de la vivienda
1 Vivienda nueva
2 Vivienda usada
. - Naturaleza de la finca
1 Fincas urbanas
1.1 Viviendas
1.2 Solares
1_O Otras fincas urbanas
2 Fincas rústicas
. - Provincias
02 Albacete
03 Alicante/Alacant
04 Almería
01 Araba/Álava
33 Asturias
05 Ávila
06 Badajoz
07 Balears, Illes
08 Barcelona
48 Bizkaia
09 Burgos
10 Cáceres
11 Cádiz
39 Cantabria
12 Castellón/Castelló
13 Ciudad Real
14 Córdoba
15 Coruña, A
16 Cuenca
20 Gipuzkoa
17 Girona
18 Granada
19 Guadalajara
21 Huelva
22 Huesca
23 Jaén
24 León
25 Lleida
27 Lugo
28 Madrid
29 Málaga
30 Murcia
31 Navarra
32 Ourense
34 Palencia
35 Palmas, Las
36 Pontevedra
26 Rioja, La
37 Salamanca
38 Santa Cruz de Tenerife
40 Segovia
41 Sevilla
42 Soria
43 Tarragona
44 Teruel
45 Toledo
46 Valencia/València
47 Valladolid
49 Zamora
50 Zaragoza
51 Ceuta
52 Melilla - Tipo de titular
1 Persona física
2 Persona jurídica
.
- Comunidades y Ciudades Autónomas
- 3.3Sector coverage
The target population of study is the group of Land Registries.
- 3.4Statistical concepts and definitions
- Date of recording at the lad register
The date on which the transfer operation is recorded in the Land Register.
The registration date is considered for all purposes to be the presentation
date which should be recorded on the same registration. The recording is
made at the Land Register in whose district the properties subject to transfer
of rights are situated.
The date of recording does not have to coincide with the date of
formalisation of the Transfer. - Dwelling regime
Dwelling regime is the dwelling protection regime, that is,
free price dwellings or those with some official protection regime.
- Free price dwelling.- If the dwelling is not subject to any type of
protection.
- Dwelling subject to some type of protection regime.- Dwelling may be
subject to some type of official protection: OHP, OHP type or Other OHP. - Dwellings
A venue that is designed to be inhabited and intended to be used by one or
several persons. This sections differentiates between a flat with annexes, a
flat without annexes, a terraced house/a semi-detached house and a
detached house.Flat with annexes.- An annex is denominated any element that cannot be
separated from the dwelling because it serves for its use, in other words,
this paragraph includes those dwellings which, apart from the flat, also
have a garage or/and a storage room, not intended for residence and
usable for other uses. This is considered in the horizontal division law and
is recorded in the public deed for the dwelling.
- Flat without annexes.- Dwellings that do not have any rooms depending
on them. This also includes flats whose annexes have their own
independent deeds.
- Terraced or semi-detached house.- A terraced house is a single dwelling
within a building, linked to other buildings by two of its external walls.
This may be with one or various floors, with or without annexes, be within
a plot of land which is the same size or larger than the building.
This heading also includes semi-detached houses, which are single
dwellings within a building, linked to other buildings by one of their
external walls. These may be one or various floors, with or without
annexes, be within a plot of land which is the same size or larger than the
building.
- Detached house.- This is a single dwelling within a building, whose
external walls are not linked to any other building. This may be with one
or various floors, with or without annexes, be within a plot of land which is
the same size or larger than the building. - Foreclosures
A foreclosure is an executive procedure through which the sale of a real estate property is ordered, which was previously covered by a mortgage, due to failure of the debtor to comply with the obligations guaranteed with the mortgage.
This is a regulated procedure, through which a goal is to make the value of the real estate property effected to pay unpaid debt in a clear way, usually via public auction. - Free-market dwelling
This is a dwelling that is not subject to any type of construction.
- Individual
A physical person is defined as any human individual who is
subject to rights and obligations. - Land registry
The Land Registry is a public Register whose purpose is the recording of property, its ownership as well as any changes or restrictions experienced.
- Legal entity
Corporation, association or foundation of public interest
and recognised by the law. Does not have physical individual existence.
Also governed is association of particular interest whether this is civil or
mercantile, to which the law grants a personality independent from its
associates. - Lots
This refers to urban soil without buildings, without considering their urbanistic qualification.
- Mortgage
This is a contract by means of which a credit is gained with the guarantee of a (movable or immovable) property, whose value meets the risk of non-payment.
The objective of the Mortgage Statistics includes mortgages constituted for real estate (rustic, urban and others) and registered in the property registers. - Mortgage holder
The mortgage holder is the individual or legal entity who has the obligation to return the borrowed money and interest. Normally coincides with the purchaser of the property. The holders of the mortgaged asset may be, among other persons, individuals or legal entities.
- Nature of the dwelling
For those dwellings whose owner is an individual, the following are differentiated:
- Main dwelling that is owned.- When the dwelling is the regular residence of the owner; it is the owner's residence and dwell effectively and permanently.
- Non-main dwelling that is owned.- When the owner of the dwelling does not have her/his regular residence therein. - Nature of the property
This is the description of the property, differentiating between rustic and urban.
- New housing
Dwelling subject to the first transfer in the merchanting deed, normally carried out by the developer or builder in favour of the first purchaser.
- Newly-built dwelling
When it is a new construction, has less than one year old from the end of the work.
- Province ( Article 141.1 of the Spanish Constitution)
The province is a local institution with its own legal status, determined by grouping municipalities and dividing territories in order to fulfil State activities. Any alteration in the provincial limits is to be approved by the General Courts by means of constitutional law.
- Reference month
The date of recording in the Land Register is taken as the reference month,
since this is the moment of registering the transfer operation. - Rustic nature
A property is termed as rustic when it is part of the countryside or a rural area.
- Social housing
This is a dwelling that is subject to some type of official protection or subsidy. This only refers to whether or not it is subject to a regime, without distinguishing the type of regime.
- Urban farm excluding dwellings and lots
Commercial premises.- This section includes those premises whose main
activity is commercial.
- Garages.- Public or private car parks are included. They also include those
private garages within a building designed for dwellings or other
purposes, but with independent deeds.
- Office.- Those premises intended for providing public services, but not for
commercial use.
- Lumber room.- This includes premises with independent deeds and
unspecified use under the premises headings, both those included in the
building of the owner's dwelling, and those that are in another building.Industrial building.- Each area of space that extends between walls to
form a factory, storage space or other industrial type construction. This
includes industrial warehouses located in both urban and rustic areas.
- Building destined for dwellings.- Buildings whose purpose is mainly to be
used as dwellings. This is independently of whether they have garages,
lumber rooms or commercial premises.
- Other buildings not previously determined.- This classification includes
any construction other than the previous buildings for dwellings. They
may be used, for example, for schools, hospitals, residences, cinemas,
hotels, etc.
- Urban use.- Total building capacity of the industrial area, sector or unit
concerned, once the square metres for construction destined to obligatory
building are calculated; urban uses will be included, when they constitute
independent property.
- Other urban use.- This includes those urban nature buildings that are not
classified under the previous headings. - Urban nature
Buildings are considered to be of an urban nature when they are located within a city or within the land that is conditioned in order to create or develop an urban area.
- Used housing
When it is not a new construction, has more than a year old from the end of the work.
- Date of recording at the lad register
- 3.5Statistical unit
The statistical unit is each foreclosure certification begun and registered in the corresponding land registry.
- 3.6Statistical population
The statistical population is the total of foreclosure certifications begun and registered in the land registries of the entire national territory.
- 3.7Reference area
The geographical scope of these statistics encompasses the entire national territory.
- 3.8Time coverage
These statistics have a quarterly frequency.
- 3.9Base period
These statistics started to be published in June 2014, with reference to the data of the first quarter of 2014.
- 3.1Data description
- 4Unit of measure
- 4.1Unit of measure
Number and evolution of the certifications of foreclosures begun and recorded in the property registers, relating to all rustic and urban properties.
- 4.1Unit of measure
- 5Reference period
- 5.1Reference period
The reference period is the calendar quarter.
Data referred to the period: Trimestral A: 2024 TRI: I
- 5.1Reference period
- 6Institutional mandate
- 6.1Legal acts and other agreements
The compilation and dissemination of the data are governed by the Statistical Law No. 12/1989 "Public Statistical Function" of May 9, 1989, and Law No. 4/1990 of June 29 on “National Budget of State for the year 1990" amended by Law No. 13/1996 "Fiscal, administrative and social measures" of December 30, 1996, makes compulsory all statistics included in the National Statistics Plan. The National Statistical Plan 2009-2012 was approved by the Royal Decree 1663/2008. It contains the statistics that must be developed in the four year period by the State General Administration's services or any other entity dependent on it. All statistics included in the National Statistics Plan are statistics for state purposes and are obligatory. The National Statistics Plan 2021-2024, approved by Royal Decree 1110/2020, of 15 December, is the Plan currently implemented. This statistical operation has governmental purposes, and it is included in the National Statistics Plan 2021-2024. (Statistics of the State Administration).
The Property, Mercantile and Real Estate Registrar Association of Spain, through its Information Systems Service, supplies the information to the INE in a centralised fashion, via computer media, by virtue of a partnership that already exists in other statistics of the same scope.
- 6.2Data sharing
The exchanges of information needed to elaborate statistics between the INE and the rest of the State statistical offices (Ministerial Departments, independent bodies and administrative bodies depending on the State General Administration), or between these offices and the Autonomic statistical offices, are regulated in the LFEP (Law of the Public Statistic Function). This law also regulates the mechanisms of statistical coordination, and concludes cooperation agreements between the different offices when necessary.
The data from the statistics is sent at land registry level, corresponding to the Autonomous Communities requesting it.
- 6.1Legal acts and other agreements
- 7Confidentiality
- 7.1Confidentiality - policy
The Statistical Law No. 12/1989 specifies that the INE cannot publish, or make otherwise available, individual data or statistics that would enable the identification of data for any individual person or entity. Regulation (EC) No 223/2009 on European statistics stipulates the need to establish common principles and guidelines ensuring the confidentiality of data used for the production of European statistics and the access to those confidential data with due account for technical developments and the requirements of users in a democratic society
- 7.2Confidentiality - data treatment
INE provides information on the protection of confidentiality at all stages of the statistical process: INE questionnaires for the operations in the national statistical plan include a legal clause protecting data under statistical confidentiality. Notices prior to data collection announcing a statistical operation notify respondents that data are subject to statistical confidentiality at all stages. For data processing, INE employees have available the INE data protection handbook, which specifies the steps that should be taken at each stage of processing to ensure reporting units' individual data are protected. The microdata files provided to users are anonymised.
For the requests made on these statistics, the data that has a small volume is anonymised.
- 7.1Confidentiality - policy
- 8Release policy
- 8.1Release calendar
The advance release calendar that shows the precise release dates for the coming year is disseminated in the last quarter of each year.
- 8.2Release calendar access
The calendar is disseminated on the INEs Internet website (Publications Calendar)
- 8.3User access
The data are released simultaneously according to the advance release calendar to all interested parties by issuing the press release. At the same time, the data are posted on the INE's Internet website (www.ine.es/en) almost immediately after the press release is issued. Also some predefined tailor-made requests are sent to registered users. Some users could receive partial information under embargo as it is publicly described in the European Statistics Code of Practice
- 8.1Release calendar
- 9Frequency of dissemination
- 9.1Frequency of dissemination
The statistics are disseminated quarterly.
- 9.1Frequency of dissemination
- 10Accessibility and clarity
- 10.1News release
The results of the statistical operations are normally disseminated by using press releases that can be accessed via both the corresponding menu and the Press Releases Section in the web
- 10.2Publications
Specific publications are not carried out. The results of the statistics are disseminated through the INE website, and some results are included in general publications such as the Statistical Yearbook, INE Figures, etc.
- 10.3On-line database
INEbase is the system the INE uses to store statistical information on the Internet. It contains all the information the INE produces in electronic formats. The primary organisation of the information follows the theme-based classification of the Inventory of Statistical Operations of the State General Administration . The basic unit of INEbase is the statistical operation, defined as the set of activities that lead to obtaining statistical results on a determined sector or subject based on the individually collected data. Also included in the scope of this definition are synthesis preparation.
All the information regarding these statistics is available at www.ine.es. It may be accessed via INEbase / Economy / Financial and monetary statistics or via the following link:
https://www.ine.es/jaxi/menu.do?type=pcaxis&path=%2Ft30%2Fp153&file=inebase&L=1 - 10.4Micro-data access
A lot of statistical operations disseminate public domain anonymized files, available free of charge for downloading in the INE website Microdata Section
Users may not access the microdata.
- 10.5Other
There is the option of requesting customised information from the INE Customer Service Area. Limitations to confidentiality or precision are borne in mind at the time of processing said requests.
See: - 10.6Documentation on methodology
The technical project of the statistical operation is available in:
https://www.ine.es/en/proyectos/proyecto_ejecuciones_hipotecarias_en.pdf - 10.7Quality documentation
Fields 10.6 to 17 of this document are the user-oriented quality report for this operation.
- 10.1News release
- 11Quality management
- 11.1Quality assurance
Quality assurance framework for the INE statistics is based on the ESSCoP, the European Statistics Code of Practice made by EUROSTAT. The ESSCoP is made up of 16 principles, gathered in three areas: Institutional Environment, Processes and Products. Each principle is associated with some indicators which make possible to measure it. In order to evaluate quality, EUROSTAT provides different tools: the indicators mentioned above, Self-assessment based on the DESAP model, peer review, user satisfaction surveys and other proceedings for evaluation.
The data is received monthly from the Mercantile and Real Estate Registrar Association of Spain (CORPME) and undergo a filtering process.
Once the information is filtered, a stage begins regarding the imputation and estimation of the possible lack of response from the land registries.
In order to obtain national data regarding foreclosures on owned regular dwellings, the information provided by CORPME is crossed with common regime territory data of the General Directorate for Cadastre and the Municipal Registry database which is coordinated by the INE, in accordance with the legislation in force. - 11.2Quality assessment
Foreclosure Statistics is a high-quality operation that meets all criteria of coherence, comparability, precision and timeliness.
It consists in a statistical operation based on registry information that is compiled based on the processing and crossing of administrative data, which significantly reduces its cost regarding other operations in which field work is necessary.
- 11.1Quality assurance
- 12Relevance
- 12.1User needs
Statistics users include:
- Ministries and other public bodies.
- Territorial administrations (Autonomous Communities, councils...), for dissemination of their territorial data.
- Companies and non-profit institutions.
- Media professionals for the compilation of journalistic articles.
Each one of these users has different needs, according to the purpose and use they will make of the information they require. - 12.2User satisfaction
The INE has carried out general user satisfaction surveys in 2007, 2010, 2013, 2016 and 2019 and it plans to continue doing so every three years. The purpose of these surveys is to find out what users think about the quality of the information of the INE statistics and the extent to which their needs of information are covered. In addition, additional surveys are carried out in order to acknowledge better other fields such as dissemination of the information, quality of some publications...
On the INE website, in its section Methods and Projects / Quality and Code of Practice / INE quality management / User surveys are available surveys conducted to date.(Click next link)
The specific needs of users, which are not covered with the information provided by these statistics, are taken into account whenever customised requests are carried out, and to the extent possible are incorporated in the statistics when the methodology is updated.
- 12.3Completeness
There is no regulation that establishes the variables that shall be provided by these statistics; nevertheless, it is always intended to provide the users with all the information they need, as detailed in 13.2
The statistics meet all the information requirements of the National Statistical Plan in the short-term information section for financial statistics.
R1=100%
- 12.1User needs
- 13Accuracy and reliability
- 13.1Overall accuracy
The procedure for collection, coverage control, error filtering and imputation of non-response enables obtaining a high degree of reliability in the statistics.
- 13.2Sampling error
The data of these statistics are obtained exhaustively from the Land Registries, with no sampling, therefore there are no sampling errors.
- 13.3Non-sampling error
To correct for non-sampling errors, such as non-response, estimates are carried out by stratum. The information is stratified by stratum and province, assigning the value of the stratum to that unit which, on the closing date of the provisional data, has not sent its information.
Specific information is also available regarding the non-response rate, which is less than 10%.
A4=5.44%
- 13.1Overall accuracy
- 14Timeliness and punctuality
- 14.1Timeliness
The data regarding the statistics is published approximately 90 days after the reference quarter of the information.
TP1=90 days
TP2=12 months
- 14.2Punctuality
The dissemination of the data is carried out in accordance with the short-term statistics availability calendar that the INE compiles and publishes for each year.
- 14.1Timeliness
- 15Coherence and Comparability
- 15.1Comparability - geographical
These statistics, in all of their phases, are processed in the same way for the entire territory. In this way, the results are perfectly comparable for any geographical breakdown.
- 15.2Comparability - over time
Continuity in the methodology applied since the implementation of the statistics allows its comparability in time, therefore all the variables published on a quarterly basis are comparable. The serie has a length of 41 periods.
CC2=41
- 15.3Coherence - cross domain
The statistics follow the same trend as the Real Estate Statistics compiled by the Registrar Association, in its Mortgage Default section.
- 15.4Coherence - internal
The data have complete internal coherence, as they are based on the same set of microdata, and are calculated using the same estimation methods. The arithmetic and accounting identities in the production of data sets are observed.
- 15.1Comparability - geographical
- 16Cost and burden
- 16.1Cost and burden
It is convenient to highlight that these statistics do not involve a burden on the respondent, as the information is collected from an administrative register.
The estimation of the budgetary credit necessary to finance the Foreclosure Statistics in the Annual Program 2024 comes to a total of 46.88 thousand euros.
- 16.1Cost and burden
- 17Data revision
- 17.1Data revision - policy
The INE of Spain has a policy which regulates the basic aspects of statistical data revision, seeking to ensure process transparency and product quality. This policy is laid out in the document approved by the INE board of directors on 13 March of 2015, which is available on the INE website, in the section "Methods and projects/Quality and Code of Practice/INE’s Quality management/INE’s Revision policy" (link).
This general policy sets the criteria that the different type of revisions should follow: routine revision- it is the case of statistics whose production process includes regular revisions-; more extensive revision- when methodological or basic reference source changes take place-; and exceptional revision- for instance, when an error appears in a published statistic-.
For some statistics, in which users particularly value having data as soon as possible, the initial estimates are published with the expectation that they might be revised and updated when new data is available. This is characteristic of short-term statistics, such as the monthly or quarterly statistics.
- 17.2Data revision - practice
Provisional statistical data are disseminated on a quarterly basis, and when revised, final data are published.
A6-MAR=199.00
A6-RMAR=1.85%
MAR and RMAR calculated with the total foreclosure variable, based on the provisional/final data of the last 6 years (quarters from 2017Q1 to 2022Q4).
- 17.1Data revision - policy
- 18Statistical processing
- 18.1Source data
All of the information regarding begun foreclosures is obtained from the information contained in the Land Registries throughout the national territory.
- 18.2Frequency of data collection
The data is collected monthly.
- 18.3Data collection
The Registrar Association sends the data in an encrypted file via e-mail, to the Subdirectorate General for Information and Communication Technologies.
- 18.4Data validation
The data file sent by the Mercantile and Real Estate Registrar Association of Spain (CORPME) undergoes filtering and validation programmes to correct possible errors. In the first filtering phase the errors are revised so as to rectify or leave them as correct. In case of doubt, the CORPME is queried about those abnormal records. Next, a second filtering or checking phase is performed of all the work done in the first phase. Prior to tabulation for the quarterly publication, a series of variable checking and evolution reports are compiled.
- 18.5Data compilation
In the first filtering phase, errors and inconsistencies in the variables for each record are detected and filtered, and content errors are also filtered and imputed. In the second filtering phase, all the work carried out in the first phase is strengthened.
- 18.6Adjustment
No adjustments are made.
- 18.1Source data
- 19Comment
- 19.1Comment
- 19.1Comment