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Bankruptcy Proceedings Statistics

• 1Contact
  • 1.1Contact organisation
    National Statistics Institute of Spain
    
  • 1.5Contact mail address
    Paseo de la Castellana 183 - 28046 Madrid
    
• 2Metadata update
  • 2.1Metadata last certified
    22/11/2022
  • 2.2Metadata last posted
    06/02/2020
  • 2.3Metadata last update
    22/11/2022
• 3Statistical presentation
  • 3.1Data description

    The Bankruptcy Proceedings Statistics replaces the INE Statistics on Suspensions of Payments and Declarations of Bankruptcy following the entry into force on 1 September 2004 of Organic Law 8/2003, for Bankruptcy Reform, and Law 22/2003 on Bankruptcy.

    The legal concepts of suspension of payments and declarations of bankruptcy are replaced by that of arrangement with creditors, calling the entities subject to this process bankrupt debtors.

    The name of the law, Bankruptcy Law, is due to the concurrence of the creditors on the common debtor's patrimony.

    The information provided by the new Bankruptcy Proceedings Statistics is collected monthly via a questionnaire from the new Commercial Courts and the Courts of First Instance and the Courts of First Instance and Instruction with commercial jurisdiction. In addition, the information published in the Official State Gazette (BOE) is collected as an additional source.

    Based on Royal Decree-Law 1/2015, on second chance mechanism, reduction of financial burden and other second chance social measures, the Courts of First Instance are empowered to process bankruptcy proceedings for natural persons who are not businesspersons. For this reason, this information is starting to be collected and published in the BOE.

    The statistics provide quarterly information on the number of bankrupt debtors, as well as the type of bankruptcy (voluntary or involuntary), the type of proceeding (ordinary or summary), and the existence of an early proposal of agreement and its contents (deduction, waiting, deduction and waiting or other proposal).

  • 3.2Classification system
    • Clase de procedimiento
      1   Ordinario
      2   Abreviado
        .
    • Comunidades y Ciudades Autónomas
      01   Andalucía
      02   Aragón
      03   Asturias, Principado de
      04   Balears, Illes
      05   Canarias
      06   Cantabria
      07   Castilla y León
      08   Castilla - La Mancha
      09   Cataluña
      10   Comunitat Valenciana
      11   Extremadura
      12   Galicia
      13   Madrid, Comunidad de
      14   Murcia, Región de
      15   Navarra, Comunidad Foral de
      16   País Vasco
      17   Rioja, La
      18   Ceuta
      19   Melilla
    • Naturaleza jurídica
      1   Personas físicas sin actividad empresarial
      2.1   Personas físicas
      2.2   Sociedades anónimas
      2.3   Sociedades de responsabilidad limitada
      2.O   Otras empresas
        .
    • Número de asalariados
      AS0   Sin asalariados
      AS1T2   De 1 a 2 asalariados
      AS3T5   De 3 a 5 asalariados
      AS6T9   De 6 a 9 asalariados
      AS10T19   De 10 a 19 asalariados
      AS20T49   De 20 a 49 asalariados
      AS50T99   De 50 a 99 asalariados
      AS-GE100   De 100 y más asalariados
        .
        .
    • Propuestas en quiebra o suspensión
      1   Quita
      2   Espera
      3   Quita y espera
      4   Otra proposición
        .
    • Provincias
      02   Albacete
      03   Alicante/Alacant
      04   Almería
      01   Araba/Álava
      33   Asturias
      05   Ávila
      06   Badajoz
      07   Balears, Illes
      08   Barcelona
      48   Bizkaia
      09   Burgos
      10   Cáceres
      11   Cádiz
      39   Cantabria
      12   Castellón/Castelló
      13   Ciudad Real
      14   Córdoba
      15   Coruña, A
      16   Cuenca
      20   Gipuzkoa
      17   Girona
      18   Granada
      19   Guadalajara
      21   Huelva
      22   Huesca
      23   Jaén
      24   León
      25   Lleida
      27   Lugo
      28   Madrid
      29   Málaga
      30   Murcia
      31   Navarra
      32   Ourense
      34   Palencia
      35   Palmas, Las
      36   Pontevedra
      26   Rioja, La
      37   Salamanca
      38   Santa Cruz de Tenerife
      40   Segovia
      41   Sevilla
      42   Soria
      43   Tarragona
      44   Teruel
      45   Toledo
      46   Valencia/València
      47   Valladolid
      49   Zamora
      50   Zaragoza
      51   Ceuta
      52   Melilla
    • Tipo de concurso
      1   Voluntario
      2   Necesario
        .
  • 3.3Sector coverage

    It collects all orders declaring arrangement with creditors through the judicial bulletins collected in the Judicial Portal of the commercial courts and courts of first instance, and orders declaring bankruptcy proceedings of natural persons without economic activity that are processed in the courts of first instance published in the BOE.

  • 3.4Statistical concepts and definitions
    • Economic activity
      The economic activity carried out by a company is defined as the creation of added value by means of the production of goods and services.
      
      Each one of the statistical units (companies) studied frequently carries out various activities that should be classified in separate classes of the National Classification of Economic Activities. In general, the activities carried out by an economic unit may be of three types: main, secondary and auxiliary activities. The main activity differs from secondary activities in that it generates greater added value; whilst auxiliary activities are those that generate services that are not sold on the market and that only serve the unit on which they depend (administration departments, transport services or storage).
      
      Due to the difficulties faced by companies in calculating added value when various activities are carried out, the activity which generates the greatest volume of business is considered the main activity or, failing that, that which employs the greatest number of persons.
    • Economic activity
      The economic activity carried out by a company is defined as the creation of added value through the production of goods and services.
      The main economic activity is understood to be that which generates greatest added value. Facing the difficulty of calculated the added value for those companies that perform several activities, this considers the main activity to be that which generates the greatest turnover, or failing this, that which occupies the most employees.
      The classification used in the National Classification of Economic Activities (CNAE-2009), prepared according to the conditions set out in the Regulation passing NACE Rev.2. This classification serves to determine who is carrying out the research.
      In the case of research associations and companies whose main activity is the performance of R&D activities, mainly at the service of a given company or group of companies, units with CNAE 7211, 7219 or 7220; information is also requested on the main activity of those companies or groups of companies that benefit from their R&D activities, and their results will be computed within the branch of activity benefited by the research
    • Bankruptcy court order
      Court order issued by the judge of a mercantile court notifying of bankruptcy proceedings. If the request presented by the debtor, in the case of voluntary bankruptcy, includes all the necessary documentation, the judge will issue the order declaring bankruptcy. If the request is presented by one of the creditors, in the case of necessary bankruptcy, the court order is not issued until the debtor appears before the judge to confirm a status of insolvency.
    • Turnover
      This includes the total amounts invoiced by the observation unit, during the reference period, for the sales of goods and services supplied to third parties, considering both those carried out directly by the observation unit itself, and those from temporary outsourcing.
      
      These sales of goods or services are accounted for in net terms, that is, including the charges to the client (transport, packages, etc.), though invoiced separately, but deducting the discount on sales for early payment, returns of sales or the value of returned packages, as well as taxes on sales. This includes taxes and fees on goods or services invoiced by the unit, but excludes the VAT paid by the client.
      
      From an administrative point of view, the General Accounting Plan (PGC) (RD 1514/2007, of 16 November) defines the Total net value of turnover, using the following accounting items: C700+C701+C702+C703+C704+C705-C706-C708-C709 with:
      
      C700. Sales of merchandise
      C701. Sales of finished products
      C702. Sales of semi-finished products
      C703. Sales of sub-products and waste
      C704. Sales of packages and packaging
      C705. Provision of services
      C706. Discount on sales for early payment
      C708. Returns of sales and similar transactions
      C709. "Taxes" on sales
      
      Therefore, turnover includes neither subsidies nor other operating income. It also excludes financial and extraordinary income, and other income that affects the results of the fiscal year.
    • Necessary bankruptcy
      When the request is presented by any of the creditors of the debtor, specifying the origin of the loan, the nature, sum, date of acquisition and expiration, as well as the loan situation when the bankruptcy is requested.
    • Voluntary bankruptcy
      When the request is presented by the debtor within the two months prior to the date when he or she knew or should have known about the insolvency status.
    • Deudor concursado
      Persona física o jurídica declarada legalmente en concurso de acreedores.
    • Company
      The company is the smallest combination of legal units that is an organizational unit producing goods or
      services, which benefits from a certain degree of autonomy in decision-making, especially for the
      allocation of its current resources. A company carries out one or more activities at one or more
      locations. A company may be a sole legal unit.
    • Wait
      Postponing the expiry date of an obligation, in order to improve the situation of the debtor company and finish paying the debt in the future.
    • Date of the declaration of bankruptcy
      Corresponds to the month and year in which the judge pronounces the declaration of bankruptcy.
    • Foreign group
      Determines the number of bankrupt companies that belong to a corporate group, whether or not it is controlled by a foreign group.
    • Bankruptcy
      Bankruptcy is a legal situation in which that individual or company may find itself when it is unable to pay its debts.
    • Stock of assets
      The stock of assets is formed by the ensemble of assets and rights that compose the debtor's estate on the date of the declaration of bankruptcy and those that are registered at the same time or are acquired until the conclusion of the procedure. With the exception of goods and rights that are assets by nature but are legally nonseizable.
      
      It is determined by the Bankruptcy Administration, which is in charge of carrying out an inventory of the debtor's assets and liabilities and a list of creditors and of auditing the actions performed by the debtor.
    • Stock of liabilities
      The stock of liabilities is formed by the loans against the common debtor which, in accordance with the Insolvency Act, are not considered loans against the stock.
      
      It is determined by the Bankruptcy Administration, which is in charge of carrying out an inventory of the debtor's assets and liabilities and a list of creditors and of auditing the actions performed by the debtor.
    • NIF (Tax Identification Number)
      Tax identification number. This consists of a key that allows identifying persons, in order to carry out mercantile activities in Spain. It is also commonly used for tax purposes.
    • Individual
      A physical person is defined as any human individual who is
      subject to rights and obligations.
    • The bankrupt company belongs to a corporate group
      The number of bankrupt companies that belong to a corporate group is determined by the information obtained from other INE surveys.
    • Abbreviated procedure
      Procedure that is applied when the debtor is a natural or corporate person that is authorised to present an abbreviated balance and the initial estimate of his or her liabilities does not exceed one million euros.
      The abbreviated procedure reduces the deadlines envisaged in the Insolvency Act unless the judge determines the opposite.
    • Bankruptcy proceedings
      This is the situation dictated by a judge, and at which a company arrives when it is unable to pay its debts, whether temporarily or irreversibly. In these proceedings, the objective is to satisfy the company debts to the creditors thereof, in an orderly and fair way.
    • Ordinary procedure
      Normal procedure carried out to file a bankruptcy process.
    • Anticipated proposal for agreement
      The Act allows the possibility of either the debtor or the creditors to present a proposal for agreement alongside the bankruptcy request. The proposal can include different alternatives to avoid the liquidation of the company and preserve the professional or corporate activity of the bankrupt person.
      The possible alternatives appear below:
      Aquittance (percentage proposed for the reduction of the loans)
      Wait (deadline proposed for the payment of the loans)
      Arrangement with creditors (combination of the previous alternatives)
      Another proposition (conversion of the loan into shares, holdings or social quota, or into participative loans,...).
    • Province ( Article 141.1 of the Spanish Constitution)
      The province is a local institution with its own legal status, determined by grouping municipalities and dividing territories in order to fulfil State activities. Any alteration in the provincial limits is to be approved by the General Courts by means of constitutional law.
    • Withdrawal
      The creditors renounce a percentage of the entirety of their right to receive payment, in order to receive the other part of the debt more quickly and assuredly.
    • Public limited company
      Capitalist mercantile company made up of one or more persons in which capital is integrated by the contributions of partners and divided into shares that confer upon their holder the status of partner, limiting the responsibility of these to their corporate contribution.
      The corporate name is free. It is not possible to adopt a corporate name identical to a pre-existing one and this needs to include the expression "Sociedad Anónima" or its abbreviation "S.A."
      For the constitution of a company at least one partner is required. The responsibility of partners for corporate debts with regards to third parties is limited to contributions made or committed but not yet made.
      For the acquisition of legal personality a public deed, registry registration, census declaration and obtaining of a tax identification number is needed.
      Capital cannot be less than 60,101.00 €, and at least a quarter (25%) of the nominal value of each share must be fully subscribed and paid up when the company is constituted. The non paid up portion of the share is called passive dividend.
    • Private limited company
      Capitalist mercantile company made up of one or more persons in which capital is integrated by the contributions of partners and divided into equal parts called holdings that confer upon their holder the status of partner, the latter not being responsible for corporate debts.
      The corporate name is free. It is not possible to adopt a corporate name which is identical to a pre-existing one and this needs to include the expression "Sociedad Limitada" or its abbreviation "S.R.L." o "S.L."
      As for the number of partners, there has to be at least a minimum of one partner and a maximum of 50. The responsibility of partners for corporate debts with regards to third parties is limited to contributions made or committed but not yet made.
      For the acquisition of legal personality a public deed, registry registration, census declaration and obtaining of a tax identification number is needed.
      Capital cannot be less than 3,005.00 €, and it must be fully paid up when the company is constituted.
    • Tramo de asalariados
      Medida estratificada del número de asalariados para la unidad estadísca de referencia.
  • 3.5Statistical unit

    The statistical unit is the bankrupt debtor.

  • 3.6Statistical population

    The statistical population is made up of all the bankrupt debtors.

  • 3.7Reference area

    The geographical scope of this statistic covers the entire national territory.

  • 3.8Time coverage

    The statistics are carried out on a quarterly basis. There are results available since the third four-month period of 2004, since the entry into force of the Bankruptcy Law.

    This statistical operation was stopped by the INE in the year 2019, with the publication of the quarterly reference period Q-IV. Its elaboration from that moment on was assumed by the Ministry of Justice

  • 3.9Base period

    The Bankruptcy Proceedings Statistics has data from the third four-month period of 2004, since the entry into force on 1 September 2004 of Organic Law 8/2003, for Bankruptcy Reform, and of the Bankruptcy Law 22/2003.

• 4Unit of measure
  • 4.1Unit of measure

    Number of bankrupt debtors affected by an order declaring an arrangement with creditors issued in the competent courts.

• 5Reference period
  • 5.1Reference period

    The statistics reference period is quarterly.

    Data referred to the period: Trimestral A: 2019 TRI: IV

• 6Institutional mandate
  • 6.1Legal acts and other agreements

    The compilation and dissemination of the data are governed by the Statistical Law No. 12/1989 "Public Statistical Function" of May 9, 1989, and Law No. 4/1990 of June 29 on “National Budget of State for the year 1990" amended by Law No. 13/1996 "Fiscal, administrative and social measures" of December 30, 1996, makes compulsory all statistics included in the National Statistics Plan. The National Statistical Plan 2009-2012 was approved by the Royal Decree 1663/2008. It contains the statistics that must be developed in the four year period by the State General Administration's services or any other entity dependent on it. All statistics included in the National Statistics Plan are statistics for state purposes and are obligatory. The National Statistics Plan 2021-2024, approved by Royal Decree 1110/2020, of 15  December, is the Plan currently implemented. This statistical operation has governmental purposes, and it is included in the National Statistics Plan 2021-2024. (Statistics of the State Administration).

    
    

    There is an Addendum to the Collaboration Agreement signed between the General Council of the Judiciary and the National Statistics Institute for the development of Judicial Statistics.

  • 6.2Data sharing
    The exchanges of information needed to elaborate statistics between the INE and the rest of the State statistical offices (Ministerial Departments, independent bodies and administrative bodies depending on the State General Administration), or between these offices and the Autonomic statistical offices, are regulated in the LFEP (Law of the Public Statistic Function). This law also regulates the mechanisms of statistical coordination, and concludes cooperation agreements between the different offices when necessary.
    

    Statistics data are sent at the bankrupt debtor level corresponding to the Autonomous Communities that request it.

• 7Confidentiality
  • 7.1Confidentiality - policy
    The Statistical Law No. 12/1989 specifies that the INE cannot publish, or make otherwise available, individual data or statistics that would enable the identification of data for any individual person or entity. Regulation (EC) No 223/2009 on European statistics stipulates the need to establish common principles and guidelines ensuring the confidentiality of data used for the production of European statistics and the access to those confidential data with due account for technical developments and the requirements of users in a democratic society
    
  • 7.2Confidentiality - data treatment
    INE provides information on the protection of confidentiality at all stages of the statistical process: INE questionnaires for the operations in the national statistical plan include a legal clause protecting data under statistical confidentiality. Notices prior to data collection announcing a statistical operation notify respondents that data are subject to statistical confidentiality at all stages. For data processing, INE employees have available the INE data protection handbook, which specifies the steps that should be taken at each stage of processing to ensure reporting units' individual data are protected. The microdata files provided to users are anonymised.
    

    With respect to the policy of confidentiality of the data of the Bankruptcy Proceedings Statistics, it should be said that the variables of bankrupt debtor, NIF, type of bankruptcy and type of proceedings and province are public, since the BOE publishes the bankruptcy proceedings one by one.

• 8Release policy
  • 8.1Release calendar
    The advance release calendar that shows the precise release dates for the coming year is disseminated in the last quarter of each year.
    
  • 8.2Release calendar access
    The calendar is disseminated on the INEs Internet website (Publications Calendar)
    
  • 8.3User access
    The data are released simultaneously according to the advance release calendar to all interested parties by issuing the press release. At the same time, the data are posted on the INE's Internet website (www.ine.es/en) almost immediately after the press release is issued. Also some predefined tailor-made requests are sent to registered users. Some users could receive partial information under embargo as it is publicly described in the European Statistics Code of Practice
    
• 9Frequency of dissemination
  • 9.1Frequency of dissemination

    The frequency of dissemination of the statistics is quarterly, providing provisional data for the reference quarter. 15 days before the provisional publication, final data of the reference quarter of the previous year are disseminated.

• 10Accessibility and clarity
  • 10.1News release
    The results of the statistical operations are normally disseminated by using press releases that can be accessed via both the corresponding menu and the Press Releases Section in the web
    
  • 10.2Publications

    The results of the statistics are disseminated through the INE website:
    https://www.ine.es/dyngs/INEbase/en/operacion.htm?c=Estadistica_C&cid=1254736177018&menu=ultiDatos&idp=1254735576606
    and some others are included in publications such as the Statistical Yearbook, INE Figures, etc.

  • 10.3On-line database

    INEbase is the system the INE uses to store statistical information on the Internet. It contains all the information the INE produces in electronic formats. The primary organisation of the information follows the theme-based classification of the Inventory of Statistical Operations of the State General Administration . The basic unit of INEbase is the statistical operation, defined as the set of activities that lead to obtaining statistical results on a determined sector or subject based on the individually collected data. Also included in the scope of this definition are synthesis preparation.

    
    

    Access to tables and time series at www.ine.es, in INEbase within the section "Financial and monetary statistics"
    https://www.ine.es/dyngs/INEbase/en/operacion.htm?c=Estadistica_C&cid=1254736177018&menu=ultiDatos&idp=1254735576606.

  • 10.4Micro-data access
    A lot of statistical operations disseminate public domain anonymized files, available free of charge for downloading in the INE website Microdata Section
    

    Users will not be able to access the microdata.

  • 10.5Other

    There is the possibility of requesting customised information from the INE user service area. Limitations on confidentiality or accuracy are taken into account when processing such requests.
    See:
    https://www.ine.es/ss/Satellite?c=Page&p=1254735550786&pagename=ProductosYServicios%2FPYSLayout&cid=1254735550786&L=1

  • 10.6Documentation on methodology

    A detailed description is available at:
    https://www.ine.es/en/metodologia/t30/t3030219_en.pdf

  • 10.7Quality documentation

    Fields 10.6 to 17 of this document are the user-oriented quality report for this operation.

• 11Quality management
  • 11.1Quality assurance

    Quality assurance framework for the INE statistics is based on the ESSCoP, the European Statistics Code of Practice made by EUROSTAT. The ESSCoP is made up of 16 principles, gathered in three areas: Institutional Environment, Processes and Products. Each principle is associated with some indicators which make possible to measure it. In order to evaluate quality, EUROSTAT provides different tools: the indicators mentioned above, Self-assessment based on the DESAP model, peer review, user satisfaction surveys and other proceedings for evaluation.

    
    

    Monthly the courts fill in the statistical bulletin of bankruptcy proceedings at the judicial neutral point. This information goes through a series of cleaning and validation phases:
    -All the NIFs of bankrupt debtors are reviewed, in the case of companies it is checked whether the NIF corresponds with the company name.
    -The dates of declaration of bankruptcy are compared, the one that appears in the declaration order and the one that appears at the moment of the presentation of the report of the bankruptcy administration; these must already coincide.
    -On a daily basis, the orders declaring bankruptcy are recorded from the BOE. This information is stored, and sometimes complete the information received from the courts.
    -The judicial bulletins are requested to those courts that have not completed them on time.
    -Preparation of reports and comparative evolution rates with data from the General Council of the Judiciary.

  • 11.2Quality assessment

    The Bankruptcy Proceedings Statistics is a high quality operation that meets all the criteria of consistency, comparability, accuracy and timeliness.

    The data of this statistic follow the same trend and are consistent with the information published by the General Council of the Judiciary.

• 12Relevance
  • 12.1User needs

    Among the users of the statistics are:
    -Ministries and other public bodies.
    -Territorial administrations (Autonomous Communities, City Councils,...), for dissemination of their territorial data.
    -Companies and non-profit institutions.
    Each of these users has different needs according to the destination and usefulness of the information they need.

  • 12.2User satisfaction

    The INE has carried out general user satisfaction surveys in 2007, 2010, 2013,  2016 and 2019 and it plans to continue doing so every three years. The purpose of these surveys is to find out what users think about the quality of the information of the INE statistics and the extent to which their needs of information are covered. In addition, additional surveys are carried out in order to acknowledge better other fields such as dissemination of the information, quality of some publications...

    On the INE website, in its section Methods and Projects / Quality and Code of Practice / INE quality management / User surveys are available surveys conducted to date.(Click  next link)

     

    
    

    The specific needs of users are taken into account whenever customised requests are made. The demand for information is usually of the variables published but with greater disaggregation.

  • 12.3Completeness

    Although there is no regulation that establishes the information to be provided, the Bankruptcy Proceedings Statistics satisfy the majority of the needs of its users; with respect to the unsatisfied needs, they are resolved by means of custom-made requests.

    According to the National Statistical Plan, 100% of the requested information is provided.

    R1=100%

• 13Accuracy and reliability
  • 13.1Overall accuracy

    The collection procedure, coverage control, cleaning of errors and imputation of non-response, allows obtaining a high degree of reliability of the statistics.

  • 13.2Sampling error

    The information necessary for the preparation of the statistics is obtained comprehensively from the Commercial Courts, without sampling, so there are no errors associated with sampling.

  • 13.3Non-sampling error

    In order to correct non-sampling errors, such as lack of response, estimations are carried out. Specific information is also available on the non-response rate which is less than 5%.

    A4=5%

• 14Timeliness and punctuality
  • 14.1Timeliness

    The statistics data are published about 36 days after the last month of the reference quarter (TP1=36 days).

    TP2=1 year

  • 14.2Punctuality

    The dissemination of the data is carried out according to the short-term statistics availability calendar that the INE prepares and publishes for each year.

• 15Coherence and Comparability
  • 15.1Comparability - geographical

    The processing of this statistic in all its phases is the same for the whole territory. In this way, the results are perfectly comparable for any geographical disaggregation.

  • 15.2Comparability - over time

    The continuity in the methodology applied since the implementation of the statistics (September 2004) allows its comparability over time. All variables published (10 variables) are comparable over time.

    The length of the comparable series is CC2=53 periods.

    However, it should be borne in mind that in 2009 there was a logical break in the series, as a consequence of the entry into force of the new national classification of economic activities (CNAE 2009).

    In order to guarantee the comparability of the information over time, the INE publishes on INEbase the retrospective series of the number of bankrupt companies by main economic activity in the new classification CNAE 2009.

  • 15.3Coherence - cross domain

    The Bankruptcy Proceedings Statistics follow the same trend as the data published by the General Council of the Judiciary.

  • 15.4Coherence - internal

    Consistency is a fundamental question both in the approach of the statistics methodology as well as in all its development process. The results have complete internal consistency, since they are based on the same set of data and the same source of information.

• 16Cost and burden
  • 16.1Cost and burden

    Given that it uses administrative sources, the information is already held by the administration, therefore, conducting this statistic does not involve any cost for the users, as it doesn't need their participation to obtain the data.

    The estimation of the budgetary credit necessary to finance  the Bankruptcy Proceedings Statistics in the Annual Program 2020 comes to a total of 26.22 thousand euros.

• 17Data revision
  • 17.1Data revision - policy

    The INE of Spain has a policy which regulates the basic aspects of statistical data revision, seeking to ensure process transparency and product quality. This policy is laid out in the document approved by the INE board of directors on 13 March of 2015, which is available on the INE website, in the section "Methods and projects/Quality and Code of Practice/INE’s Quality management/INE’s Revision policy" (link).

    This general policy sets the criteria that the different type of revisions should follow:  routine revision- it is the case of statistics whose production process includes regular revisions-; more extensive revision- when methodological or basic reference source changes take place-; and exceptional revision- for instance, when an error appears in a published statistic-.

    
    

    Provisional statistics data are disseminated quarterly, which are reviewed with the definitive ones when they are published. This latest ones are not further revised.

  • 17.2Data revision - practice

    There is a data review, the provisional data published are revised and replaced by definitive ones, which by definition, are not revised.

    MAR=37,7

    RMAR=8,1%

    The values MAR and RMAR are calculated with respect to the variable bankrupt debtors.

• 18Statistical processing
  • 18.1Source data

    All information on bankrupt debtors is obtained from the judicial bulletins filled in by the courts at the neutral judicial point (data concerning the date of declaration, type of bankruptcy, type of proceedings, NIF), Commercial Courts, Courts of First Instance and Courts of First Instance and Instruction with commercial jurisdiction.

    The information related to the type of person (natural or legal person), the legal form of the company, the main economic activity, turnover bracket and number of employees bracket; is obtained by crossing with the information available in the Central Business Register (CBR).

  • 18.2Frequency of data collection

    Judicial bulletins are continuously collected, and the courts record them on the judicial portal as they enter. The frequency of data collection is monthly.

  • 18.3Data collection

    The courts fill in the bulletins with the information requested, and the INE can automatically access it.

  • 18.4Data validation

    The data that appear in the bulletins are tabulated and undergo a series of validations on the NIF variables, date of declaration order, etc. It is verified that there are no duplicity of orders. In cases where there is doubt, the court is contacted to check the information.

  • 18.5Data compilation

    In a first phase the identification and correction of errors and inconsistencies in the variables is carried out. In the second phase a revision is carried out to see that everything done is correct.

  • 18.6Adjustment

    No adjustments are made.

• 19Comment
  • 19.1Comment